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Nutrition for Health and Wellness

Nutrition for Health and Wellness. Chapter 1 Basic Nutrition. Basic Nutrition. Digestive system Chemistry of the basic nutrients The role of fat, carbohydrate, protein, vitamins and minerals in the body Sources of nutritional information. Functions of the Digestive System. Ingestion

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Nutrition for Health and Wellness

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  1. Nutrition for Health and Wellness

  2. Chapter 1Basic Nutrition

  3. Basic Nutrition • Digestive system • Chemistry of the basic nutrients • The role of fat, carbohydrate, protein, vitamins and minerals in the body • Sources of nutritional information

  4. Functions of the Digestive System • Ingestion • Mechanical breakdown • Digestion • Secretion • Absorption • Excretion

  5. Digestive Organ • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Rectum • Pancreas • Liver

  6. The Process of Digestion • Digestion in the mouth • Digestion in the stomach • Digestion in the small and large intestine

  7. The Absorptive System • Villi and Microvilli • Absorption of nutrients • Transport of nutrients

  8. Carbohydrates • Definition • Functions • Classification

  9. Biological functions of carbohydrates • A major source of energy • Energy storage • Structural function • Cell-surface function

  10. Classification of carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  11. Hormones involved • Insulin • Glucagon • Growth hormone • Glucocorticoids • Adrenaline

  12. Blood glucose • Factors determining blood glucose concentration • Control of blood glucose concentration • Hyperglycemia • Hypoglycemia

  13. Carbohydrates in the Diet • Recommendations for carbohydrate intake • Fiber intake • Sugar intake

  14. Carbohydrates: Food sources • Grains • Vegetables • Fruits • Milk, Cheese, and Yogurt

  15. Protein • Definition • Classification • Functions

  16. Classification of protein • Simple proteins • Complex proteins • Metalloproteins • Glycoproteins • Lipoproteins

  17. Biological functions of protein • Regulation of cellular activities • Transport and storage of small molecules and ions • Co-ordination of motion • Provision of mechanical support • Defense against foreign substances

  18. Amino acids • General formula of an amino acid • Essential amino acids • Nonessential amino acids

  19. Protein in the body • Protein digestion • Protein absorption

  20. Protein in the Diet • Recommendations for protein intake • Protein quality

  21. Protein: Food sources • Milk, Cheese, and Yogurt • Meat, Poultry, Fish, Legumes, Eggs, and Nuts • Grains • Vegetables

  22. Lipids • Definition • Functions • Classification

  23. Biological functions of fats • Energy stores • Muscle fuel • Emergency reserve • Padding • Insulation • Cell membranes • Raw materials

  24. Classification of Lipids • Triglycerides • Fatty acids • Phospholipids • Sterols

  25. Lipids in the body • Digestion and absorption of fats • Transport of fats

  26. Fat in the Diet • Recommendations for lipid intake • Lipoproteins and heart disease risk • Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids • Omega-6 • Omega-3

  27. Fats: Food sources • Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dried peas and beans, Eggs, and Nuts • Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese • Grains

  28. Vitamins • Definition • Classification • Fat-soluble • Water-soluble

  29. Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K • Chief functions • Deficiency symptoms • Toxicity symptoms • Significant sources

  30. Water-soluble vitamins: B and C • Chief functions • Deficiency symptoms • Toxicity symptoms • Significant sources

  31. Minerals • Major minerals: calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur • Trace minerals: arsenic, boron, chromium, cobalt, and etc.

  32. Minerals • Chief functions • Deficiency symptoms • Toxicity symptoms • Significant sources

  33. Chapter 2Nutrition Needs Across the Lifespan

  34. Nutrition Needs Across the Lifespan • Introduction of dietary energy requirements • Nutrition in Pregnancy, and Infancy • Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence • Nutrition in Adulthood and Aging • Nutritional assessment • Food exchange list

  35. Dietary energy requirements • Energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size, body composition and a level of necessary and desirable physical activity consistent with long-term good health

  36. Sources of dietary energy • Macronutrient • Carbohydrates (4 kcal/gram) • Proteins (4 kcal/gram) • Fat (9 kcal/gram) • Ethanol (7 kcal/gram) (FAO, 2003)

  37. Total energy expenditure: (TEE) • Basal energy expenditure (BEE)/ Basal metabolic rate (BMR): 50-65% • Physical activity (PA): 30-50% • Thermic effect of food (TEF): 10% Whitmey, et al: 2011

  38. Basal energy expenditure • Factors that affect the BMR • Age • Height • Growth • Gender • Fever • Stress

  39. Basal energy expenditure • Factors that affect the BMR • Environmental temperature • Fasting/Starvation • Malnutrition • Hormone • Smoking • Caffeine • Sleep

  40. Basal energy expenditure • The Harris Benedict Equation • Women: BMR = 655 + (9.6 x weight in kg) + (1.8 x height in cm) - (4.7 x age in years) • Men: BMR = 66 + (13.7 x weight in kg) + (5 x height in cm) - (6.8 x age in years)

  41. Physical activity (PA) • Men Women Physical Activity • Sedentary 1.0 1.0 Typical daily living activities • Low active 1.11 1.12 Plus 30-60 minutes moderate activity • Active 1.25 1.27 Plus ≥ 60 minutes moderate activity Very active 1.48 1.45 Plus ≥ 60 minutes moderate activity • and 60 minutes vigorous or 120 • minutes moderate activity Whitmey, et al: 2011

  42. Thermic effect of food • The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the increasing of metabolic rate after ingestion of a meal • CHO • Pro • Fat • Estimate

  43. TEE = (BEE x PA) + TEF • Example

  44. Nutrition in Pregnancy, and Infancy

  45. Weight gain during Pregnancy Wardlaw, Hampl, & DiSilvestro, 2004

  46. RecommendedTotalWeightGainRangeforPregnantWomeninSecondandThirdTrimestersAccordingtoPrepregnancyBMIRecommendedTotalWeightGainRangeforPregnantWomeninSecondandThirdTrimestersAccordingtoPrepregnancyBMI PrepregnantBMITotalWeightGain (kg) Gainin 4 Weeks (kg) < 19.8 12.7-18.2 2.3 19.8-26.0 11.4-15.9 1.8 26.1-29.0 6.8-11.4 1.2 > 29.0 6.8 0.9 Twingestation 15.9-20.4 2.7

  47. Energy Carbohydrate Protein Fat and Fatty acids Mineral Vitamin Energy and Nutrient Needs

  48. Nauseaandvomiting ConstipationandHemorrhoids Heartburn Foodcravingsandaversions Pica Contraindications to breastfeeding: alcohol, caffeine, cigarette smoke Commonnutrition-relatedconcerns

  49. Nutrition in Infancy • Nutrients to support growth • Energy Nutrients • Minerals • Vitamins • Supplements of infants

  50. Infant formula • Infant formula composition • Infant formula standard • Special formula

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