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DNA

Explore the fascinating world of DNA and genetics. Learn about the history of DNA discovery, the structure of the DNA molecule, and the importance of studying DNA. Discover how DNA replication, transcription, and translation lead to protein synthesis, and understand the different types of mutations that can occur.

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. History • Genetics is the study of genes. • Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation. • Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are made up of DNA. • Genetic material (genes,chromosomes, DNA) is found inside the nucleus of a cell. • Gregor Mendel is considered “The Father of Genetics"

  3. History • Rosalind Frankilin was the first person to discover DNA. • But, Watson and Crick were given the Nobel Peace Prize for the discovery of DNA’s double helix.

  4. DNA • DNA is often called the blueprint of life. • In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.

  5. Why do we study DNA? We study DNA for many reasons: • its central importance to all life on Earth • medical benefits such as cures for diseases • better food crops.

  6. Chromosomes and DNA • Chromosomes are made up of genes. • Genes are made up of a chemical called DNA.

  7. The Nucleus • DNA is located in the nucleus

  8. The Shape of the Molecule • DNA is a very long molecule. • The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or a spiral staircase. • This is called a double helix.

  9. OneStrand of DNA phosphate • DNA is made up of the following molecules: phosphate and deoxyribose (sugar), and bases. • These fit together like puzzle pieces. deoxyribose bases

  10. The Double Helix Molecule • The DNA double helix has two strands twisted together. • (In the rest of this unit we will look at the structure of one strand.)

  11. O -P O O -P O O -P O O O O O O O C C ribose Nucleotides Nitrogenous base Ribose (sugar) + phosphate + base= nucleotide. O Phosphate C C C Deoxyribose O

  12. The Basics • Each side of the ladder is made up of nucleic acids. • The backbone is a phosphate and a sugar • The rung of the ladder is the nitrogen base.

  13. Fournitrogenous bases DNA has four different bases: • Cytosine C • Thymine T • Adenine A • Guanine G

  14. Types of nitrogen bases • A= adenine • G= guanine • C= cytosine • T= thymine

  15. O N C O C C C N C N N C C C N N C C N • When making hydrogen bonds, cytosine always pairs up with guanine, • And adenine always pairs up with thymine. • (Adenine and thymine are shown here.)

  16. Two Stranded DNA • Remember, DNA has two strands that fit together something like a zipper. • The teeth are the nitrogenous bases but why do they stick together?

  17. Important Adenine and Thymine always join together A -- T Cytosine and Guanine always join together C -- G

  18. RNA- Ribonucleic acid • Single stranded!! • In RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil • A-U (RNA) • not • A-T (DNA)

  19. What’s the main difference between DNA and RNA

  20. IF the DNA strand is GTACCAGATTAGC • What would the RNA strand be?

  21. Copying DNA • Step 1- DNA unwinds and unzips • Step 2- Once the molecule is separated it copies itself. • The new strand of DNA has bases identical to the original

  22. Transcription • When a secretary transcribes a speech, the language remains the same. However, the form of the message changes from spoken to written

  23. Transcription • Transcription- RNA is made from a DNA template in the nucleus. • This type of RNA is called messenger RNA or mRNA

  24. Transcription • DNA is protected inside the nucleus. • mRNA carries the message of DNA into the cytoplasm to the ribosome's

  25. Translation • To translate English into Chinese requires an interpreter. • Some person must recognize the worlds of one language and covert them into the other.

  26. tRNA Transfer RNA • Happens in the ribosomes • The cells interpreter (transfer RNA) • tRNA translated the three-letter codons of mRNA to the amino acids that make up protein.

  27. Translation • Genetic translation converts nucleic acid language into amino acid language.

  28. Codon • The flow of information from gene to protein is based on codons. • A codon is a three-base word that codes for one amino acid

  29. The flow of information from gene to protein is based on codons.

  30. Information Flow: DNA to RNA to Protein

  31. Mutations • A mutation occurs when there is a change in the order of the bases in an organism’s DNA. • Mutations can happen due to physical or chemical agents called mutagens. • Examples of mutagens: X-Rays, UV radiation, and chemicals

  32. Mutations • Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or have no effect at all.

  33. 3 types of Mutations • Substitution • Insertion • Deletion

  34. Substitution • This happens when one base is substituted for another base. • Example: • Original DNA strand: AATGGAT • Mutated Strand: AAGGGAT

  35. Deletion • This happens when one base it deleted from the original DNA strand. • Example: • Original DNA strand: AATGGAT • Mutated Strand: AATGAT

  36. Insertion • This happens when a base is added to the original DNA strand. • Example: • Original DNA strand: AATGGAT • Mutated Strand: AATTGGAT

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