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Korea: 1960 Forward

Korea: 1960 Forward. 20. South Korea 1960-1979. Park Chung Hee leads South Korea Military Dictator Harsh discipline Anti-communist Economic development for national security Fantastic economic growth Terrible human rights. South Korea Under Park. Export led growth

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Korea: 1960 Forward

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  1. Korea: 1960 Forward 20

  2. South Korea1960-1979 • Park Chung Hee leads South Korea • Military Dictator • Harsh discipline • Anti-communist • Economic development for national security • Fantastic economic growth • Terrible human rights

  3. South Korea Under Park • Export led growth • Japan, but more so… • Government controls banking completely • Park creates EPB, “Economic Planning Board” – Korea’s equivalent to MITI in Japan • EPB sets targets for industries and growth • Park personally involved • Visits owners of Korean Chebol (Korean version of zaibatsu)

  4. South Korea Under Park • Park personally involved in economic plans • Visits owners of Korean Chebol • (Korean version of zaibatsu) • Orders them to take on new industries • Demands that they take on government guaranteed loans to grow • Shuts them down with tax audits, closed off credit, and cancelled import licenses if they don’t comply

  5. South Korea Under Park • Military IS the government • Severely Anti-communist • All political opponents branded as Communists • All opposition accused of being North Korean sympathizers

  6. South Korea Under Park Brilliant early economic success • Japanese Model – export-led growth • Korean Chebol become mega-firms • Very harsh labor policies • Harshly anti-democratic politics and business

  7. Regionalism in South Korea Neutral provinces Park comes from SE • Kyongsang (gyeongsang) provinces • Kyongsang region benefits most from new economic growth Opposition comes from SW: • Cholla (jeolla) provinces • Cholla provinces benefit least from economic growth Pro-government, dominant provinces, Kyongsang Opposition provinces, Cholla

  8. Crisis and the YushinConstitution: 1971-72 Under pressure from US to look democratic • Park holds presidential election, 1971 • Radical liberal candidate, Kim Dae-Jung nearly wins • Kim comes from Cholla Provinces: Kwangju city • Electoral college where Park controls 1/3 of votes fixes the election • Protests prompt Park to declare Martial Law Kim Dae-Jung, 1970s

  9. Crisis and the YushinConstitution: 1971-72 • Kim Dae-Jung Arrested • Tried for treason • Sentenced to death • Nixon gets sentence reduced to banishment for life Kim Dae-Jung, 1970s

  10. Crisis and the YushinConstitution: 1971-72 • Kim later kidnapped in Tokyo by Korean CIA • International incident pressures KCIA to release Kim • Kim comes to US for remainder of Park’s presidency Kim Dae-Jung, 1970s

  11. Crisis and the YushinConstitution: 1971-72 • Under crisis Park suspends constitution • Imposes new, Yushin Constitution, “revitalizing” same characters as Japan’s Meiji “Restoration” • Park named president for life • Criticism of Park defined as treason • Punishment for criticism: Death • President’s powers almost unlimited

  12. Yushin Constitution and political opposition • Some minor student groups: radical but ineffective, easily squelched • Radical Labor: but weak and ineffective

  13. Rise of Christian Human Rights and Democracy Movements • MOST Korean Christians are deeply pro-government because Park’s government is Anti-communist • Liberal Protestant Churches begin democracy efforts in the early 1970s • Urban Industrial Missions give pastors a view of labor’s plight • Pastors begin to see human rights and democracy as part of the “Mission of Christ” • Organize labor unions • Organize self-help groups • Organize working poor to lobby for improvements

  14. Rise of Christian Human Rights and Democracy Movements • Easter Sunrise Service: 1973 • Reverend Park Hyoung Kyu • First public denunciation of President Park and the Yushin Constitution • Rev. Park goes to jail but is released • Not even a pro-government court can convict a Christian Pastor of being a Communist • Every Korean KNOWS that Christians can’t be communists

  15. Rise of Christian Human Rights and Democracy Movements • Protestant Pastors lead and shelter the democracy movement through ’70s. • Other groups try, but always get crushed and labeled communist • Minjung Theology formalized: • Justification for churches to be political • “Mission of Christ” to liberate the oppressed

  16. Rise of Christian Human Rights and Democracy Movements • After 100 years, Catholics reenter politics • Bishop Chi arrested 1974 in a clash over control of programming on a TV station funded by his diocese • Vatican II (1965-66) articulates a “preferential option for the poor” • Latin American Catholics develop Liberation Theology (nearly identical to Minjung Theology among Korean Protestants) • By 1980, Cardinal Steven Kim (Su-Hwan) is Korea’s most trusted public figure – among Catholics and non-Catholics alike. • Cardinal Kim supports progressive priests who promote democracy and human rights

  17. Opposition Politics • Mild, tame opposition party in the National Assembly • 1979: tragedy in Masan • Dozens of young women die in locked sweatshop fire • Opposition leader Kim Young-Sam goes to Masan to comfort them • Kim is placed under house arrest Kim Young-Sam

  18. End of Yushin • Park Chung Hee sends his KCIA Chief, Kim Jae Kyu, to Masan to quell demonstrations • Kim Jae Kyu returns to report: • no can do – at least not without a bloodbath • Pres. Park: So? End the demonstrations NOW! • Kim Jae Kyu : Pulls out firearm and assassinates President Park in the Blue House, October 1979

  19. New Dictator Brief interim Government: Ch’oi Kyuha Colonel Chun Doo Hwan assigned to investigate Park’s assassination • December 31, 1979 Chun arrests all his superior officers • Visits the Blue House • Interim President Choi resigns • Chun takes over as martial law commander • May 1980, Chun announces a new constitution and his intent to run for president

  20. Kwangju MassacreMay 18-21, 1980 Kim Dae Jung returns to Korea and his home town of Kwangju in Spring 1980 • Following Chun’s announcement that he will run for President, Students protest in Kwangju • Chun dispatches troops to quell the “communist insurrection” • Students and townspeople drive troops out

  21. Kwangju MassacreMay 18-21, 1980 • Chun sends in his buddy, Rho Tae Woo and the Black Berets, • They slaughter 2000 + • Don’t forget to read Bradley Martin’s article: “Yun Sang-won: The Knowledge in Those Eyes”

  22. Kwangju MassacreMay 18-21, 1980 • US and Carter Administration’s role? … • Korean perspectives on America???

  23. Chun’s Rule • Chun to “usher in democracy” • Promises to oversee the first peaceful transition of power • Chun’s stepped up controls • Chun seen as illegitimate • Increases control of social groups • No meetings over 7 without special permission • Worship services and weddings exempted

  24. Churches in Politics • Worship and wedding exemption makes liberal churches the core of the democracy movement • They’re the only place to meet • Churches assume the center of movements because no one else can • Still 90% of Christian churches remain staunchly conservative and pro-government • 10% of churches engage in Democracy efforts

  25. Human rights and Democracy movement in the early 80s • Church influence keeps most democracy movements non-violent, pro-American and Anti-Communist • Student movements turn violent: Molotov Cocktails • Student movements constantly decapitated as leaders are arrested 1985 “Decompression” policies • Chun lifts restrictions because he believes he’s achieved legitimacy

  26. Social movements after decompression • Liberated from constraints of Christian sponsors • Proliferate • Radicalize • Unable to coordinate among themselves

  27. 1987 June Uprising and the Democratic Constitution Chun’s term to end January 1988 Seoul Olympics to run Summer 1988 • Opposition politicians push for directly elected president – that will allow for real democracy • Disorder among opposition: Chun discontinues discussion of election reform 12/86 • Park Jong-Chul: torture death 12/86

  28. 1987 June Uprising and the Democratic Constitution • Park Jong-Chul: torture death 12/86 • Rho Tae Woo as Government party candidate • Opposition groups come together • Catholic Church’s role: • Cardinal Steven Kim Suhwan • CPAJ (Catholic Priests Association for Justice) • Myongdong Cathedral announcement • Cover-up of Park Jong-Chul’s murder • Sit-in at Myongdong Cathedral

  29. 1987 June Uprising and the Democratic Constitution • NCDC (National Committee for a Democratic Constitution) • Non-violence • Focus JUST on directly elected president • Progressive pressure on government • Led by Pastors and Priests

  30. 1987 June Uprising and the Democratic Constitution • International Context • Olympics: pressure, US and Catholic Countries • June Uprising: 3 rallies • Mass (middle class) Tactics: • Phone calls • National Anthem • Blackout

  31. 1987 June Uprising and the Democratic Constitution • Rho Taewoo folds • Lifts ban on Kim Dae Jung Kim Dae Jung and Kim Young Sam both run • Victory: sort of…. Rho Taewoo as President 1987-1992

  32. South Korea: Democracy thrives and the economy prospers -- mostly • Rho Tae-woo as President 87-92 • Rising Wages, Stronger opposition parties • Northern Politics: Peace w/ Russia and China • Kim Young Sam as President 92-97 • “Civilian” Government, demilitarization • Oversaw trials of Chun and Rho, then pardoned them

  33. South Korea: Democracy thrives and the economy prospers -- mostly • Kim Dae Jung as President 97-02 • First Cholla (southwest) president • Sunshine policy • Overcame financial crisis of 1996-97

  34. South Korea: Democracy thrives and the economy prospers -- mostly • Rho Mu Hyun as President 02-07 • “Independent” Korea that can say “no” to US. • Continued economic growth • Lee Myung-Bak as President 07-12 • Business tycoon, former mayor of Seoul • Political / Social / Religious Conservative

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