An Example of Changing Urban Economy: Shenzhen - Hong Kong

1. An Example of Changing Urban Economy:Shenzhen - Hong Kong

2. Hong Kong – Shenzhen Area Purple Areas are urbanized (built up)

3. Hong Kong • Hong Kong grew rapidly after 1950 as it developed as a major industrial and financial centre for east Asia; the population today is 7.1 million. • As wages rose, manufacturing was increasingly replaced by the more lucrative trade and financial businesses. • Until about 1980, the mainland Chinese hinterland was effectively closed to Hong Kong.

4. The Financial District of Hong Kong

5. …with little room to grow

6. Shenzhen

7. 1979 • Shenzhen, China, was a rural agricultural area north of Hong Kong. • Hong Kong, nearby, was not part of China. • China was largely rural — under-urbanized— a sort of “urbanization vacuum.”

8. 1979 - 2003 • In 1979 Shenzhen was opened for business development as a Special Economic Zone—i.e., businesses could be started there with very few of the controls that were in place elsewhere in China. • In this “urbanization vacuum”, the city of Shenzhen appeared immediately in 1979 and grew extremely rapidly—the population today is 2.5 million in the core city, and some 4 million in the metro area.

9. Shenzhen’s Economy • The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Shenzhen region grew from $8 billion in 1980 to $89 billion in the year 2000. • During that period, the rate of GDP growth exceeded 16 % per year (Canada’s growth rate was about 2.5 %).

10. Shenzhen is to a large extent a manufacturing zone for Hong Kong. • While the economy today is based largely on manufacturing, the financial and service sectors are growing in importance—i.e. Shenzhen is undergoing a typical transition from a manufacturing to a service economy.

11. The Shenzhen - Hong KongRegion • Rail and road connections between the two cities are being upgraded as the economy of the region becomes more integrated. • The population of the Hong Kong – Shenzhen urban region is 12 million. • The two cities and others in the region are beginning to function as a single extended metropolitan area….

12. As a consequence, planning is now being done on a regional basis:

13. The Costs of Growth in Shenzhen • Working conditions in the manufacturing plants are frequently prison-like. • Sex tourism is a problem • Air and water pollution from construction, factories, and traffic, is severe.

14. Air Pollution in Shenzhen:

15. Trade (retail) George Street Duckworth Street

16. Turkey Honolulu

17. Trade (wholesale) Burton Upon Trent, UK

18. Trade (commodities) • rural primary production makes up most of the export production of many countries but is distributed through cities, linking rural communities with world markets and reinforcing core-periphery relationships

19. Administration Ottawa

20. Health and Education

21. Primary Sectors Only a small percentage of labour force in: • Mining • Fishing • Farming

22. “Urban Footprints” • increasing urban spillovers that blur the distinction between rural and urban economies and communities • ‘urbanization’ trend is accompanied by growing rural-urban interdependence, nearby rural populations maintaining a rural residence while commuting into the urban area for employment • commuting distances have on average increased in all developed countries Source: Ali et al (2007)

23. St. John’s CMA: Witless Bay to Pouch Cove at least 50% of the employed labour force living in the CSD works in the delineation urban core Census metropolitan area: urban core must have a population of at least 100,000 Census agglomeration: urban core must have a population of at least 10,000

26. 1. Strong MIZ: more than 30% of the municipality's residents commute to work in any CMA or CA. 2. Moderate MIZ: from 5% to 30% of the municipality's residents commute to work in any CMA or CA.     3. Weak MIZ: from 0% to 5% of the municipality's residents commute to work in any CMA or CA. 4. No MIZ: fewer than 40 or none of the municipality's residents commute to work in any CMA or CA.- applied to CSDs outside CMAs and CAs