The Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution Edited by Violet Deluna

2. INTROThe Scientific Revolution • Near the end of the Renaissance…. • A time of great advances in science and math.

3. INTRO: The Scientific Revolution • In the 1500s and 1600s the Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world. • People began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation, instead of merely accepting traditional ideas.

4. INTRO Scientific Revolution: Classical Science, pg. 497 BEFORE the revolution European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer. Ptolemy (87-140 A.D.) Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe. People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church and accepted for 1400 years..

5. Before the Scientific Revolution… • Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system: • Earth • Moon • Mercury • Venus • Sun • Mars • Jupiter • Saturn Wrong! • Notice, the Earth is first, and not the sun, as it should be!

6. Waiting for the sun… How long will it Take them To figure it out?

7. Copernicus

8. New Scientific Theories, pg. 503 Nicolaus Copernicus • Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who studied in Italy. He challenged Ptolomy’s geocentric theory. • In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: • The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered. • The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.

9. Nicolaus Copernicus Correct! • Copernicus’ model of the solar system. Sun Centered: • Sun • Moon • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Jupiter • Saturn • Notice, the sun is first, not the Earth, as Ptolemy believed.

10. Nicolaus Copernicus • Copernicus came to these conclusions using mathematical formulas. • The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy.

11. The Copernican Heliocentric Model Wins

12. Publications • Its central theory was that the Earth rotates daily and revolves yearly around the sun. • He also argued that the planets circled the Sun. • This challenged the long held view that the Earth was at the center of the universe. • Copernicus finished a book called "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" in 1532. • In it, Copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the Earth

13. Public Reactions • It was illegal to read his theories for 300 years! • Scholars did not accept his research as truth. • The church rejected his teachings.

14. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Review Video Links: Copernicus Biography Video: Short Film

15. Galileo

16. Galileo Galilei, pg. 504 • Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the work of earlier scientists such as Copernicus. • Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun. • He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter.

17. Galileo and Copernicus • Galileo declared that the sun centered model was correct! • The church called Galileo a heretic. • He was not allowed to publish his material. • Galileo agreed with Copernicus and proved his heliocentric theory was true • Uh Oh…the church said that it was illegal to read the ideas of Copernicus!

18. Galileo Galilei Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars came against him because like Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy. • The Church did not agree with Galileo • Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas. • Biography • In a Nutshell

21. Class Packet pg. 5 • Use the PowerPoint to • Complete the research for • Copernicus and Galileo

22. Sir Isaac Newton

23. Before Newton • Before Newton, the Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that there was no motion without a cause. • The cause of the downward motion of heavy objects was related to their nature, which caused them to move downward toward the center of the universe, which was their natural place.

24. Also Before Newton • Before Newton's time, all natural elements were considered to be under the direct control of God. Physical laws were not needed, because God controlled everything.

25. Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo. Isaac Newton • Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution. • He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.

26. Newton • Newton published his scientific ideas in his book “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” • He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion: • A body at rest stays at rest • Acceleration is caused by force • For every action there is an equal opposite reaction • He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.

27. influence • This work brought him fame and a fellowship at Cambridge University (scholarship for study). • He invented calculus, his greatest contribution to science and mathematics. • He was even knighted during his time at Cambridge by Queen Anne!

28. More influence! • His colleagues circulated many of his papers in the right academic circles. • His work was taken so seriously that he received prestigious awards. • He also gave lectures about his theories.

29. Videos and websites • Biography for Newton • Laws of Motion

30. Handout pg 6 • Complete the class handout • on page 6 for Newton.

31. Kepler

32. Before Kepler • Before Kepler, people thought that planets traveled in circular orbits around the Earth.

33. Kepler • He agreed with the heliocentric model. • He said that planets travel around the sun in elliptical paths.

34. Kepler

35. publications • In 1596, at age 25, he published a book – Mystery of the Cosmos. His book explained why, logically, the sun lay at the center of the solar system. • He noted that Mercury and Venus always seem to be close to the sun, unlike Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. This is because Mercury and Venus’s orbits are closer to the sun than Earth’s.

36. recognition • During his own lifetime, his work won little or no recognition. • His job as a mathematician disappeared and he had to tell horoscopes to make a living. • “What’s your sign?”

37. videos • Videos: • Famous Scientist (2 min) • Keplers Laws (2 min)

38. Class Packet pg. 6 • Complete the research for Kepler • on page 6 of your class packet.

39. The scientific method

40. The Scientific Method • Francis Bacon was an English philosopher who wrote Advancement of Learning. Francis Bacon • Bacon popularized the scientific method and used it with philosophy and knowledge. • Bacon argued that truth could not be known at the beginning of a question, but only at the end after a long process of investigation.

41. The Scientific Method, pg. 506 • By the early 1600s, a new approach to science had emerged, known as the Scientific Method. Scientific Method – • 1. Observing and describing • 2. Forming a hypothesis • 3. Testing the hypothesis in an experiment • 4. Interpreting the results to draw a conclusion

42. The Scientific Method • Descartes was a French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher. René Descartes • Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. • Like Bacon, Descartes also believed that truth was only found after a long process of studying and investigation. “I think, therefore I am”