11.6 revision

1. 11.6 revision Variation and genetics

2. Inheritance • Differences can be c………………………… (e.g. height) • or d…………………………… (e.g. blood group, ear lobes) • They can be due to genetic causes or to e………………………….. ones. • The nucleus of a cell contains c………………………… • These carry g…………….. that control the characteristics of the body. • These are passed on from parents in the sex cells (g………………..) from which the offspring develop.

3. Types of reproduction • S……………….. reproduction is the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes. 8. The mixture of the genetic information from two parents leads to v…………………………. in the offspring. 9. A…………………….. reproduction – there is no fusing of gametes. 10. Only ..................... parent is needed. 11. Genetically identical individuals are known as ................................

4. Cloning 12. New plants can be produced quickly and cheaply by taking c…………………..from older plants. 13. Modern cloning techniques include: t................ c………………. - using small groups of cells from part of a plant. 14. E………………. t………………... splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised. 15. A………………… c………………… c…………………. – this is how Dolly the sheep was cloned.

5. More cloning and genetic engineering 16. The ………………….. is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. 17. The nucleus from an adult b…............. cell is then inserted into the egg cell. 18. An e………………….. s……………………. then causes the egg cell to begin to divide to form embryo cells. 19. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the w……………… of an adult female. 20. In genetic engineering, genes from humans and other organisms can be cut out using ………………………… and transferred to cells of other organisms.

6. Inheritance • Differences can be continuous(e.g. height) • or discontinuous(e.g. blood group, ear lobes) • They can be due to genetic causes or to environmental ones. • The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes • These carry genes that control the characteristics of the body. • These are passed on from parents in the sex cells (gametes) from which the offspring develop.

7. Types of reproduction • Sexual reproduction is the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes. 8. The mixture of the genetic information from two parents leads to variation in the offspring. 9. Asexual reproduction – there is no fusing of gametes. 10. Only one parent is needed. 11. Genetically identical individuals are known as clones

8. Cloning 12. New plants can be produced quickly and cheaply by taking cuttings from older plants. 13. Modern cloning techniques include: tissue culture- using small groups of cells from part of a plant. 14. Embryo transplants splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised. 15. Animal cell cloning – this is how Dolly the sheep was cloned.

9. More cloning and genetic engineering 16. The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. 17. The nucleus from an adult body cell is then inserted into the egg cell. 18. An electric shock then causes the egg cell to begin to divide to form embryo cells. 19. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female. 20. In genetic engineering, genes from humans and other organisms can be cut out using enzymes and transferred to cells of other organisms.