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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur (THE MONGOLS). Best example of nomadic society/culture (courage culture) Herded sheep, goats but also had horses Based on family groups (tribes, clans, etc.) Could build giant confederations

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur (THE MONGOLS)

  2. Best example of nomadic society/culture (courage culture) • Herded sheep, goats but also had horses • Based on family groups (tribes, clans, etc.) • Could build giant confederations • Chinggis (=Genghis) Khan - rough childhood, lost father, ultimately gains reputation and position of power (supreme ruler) Mongol empire of chinggisKhAN

  3. Excellent warriors (nomadic herders – time to practice) • Cavalry!!!!! • Great strategies/tactics • Valued bravery • Maps, weapons • Adapted to fortified cities with siege weapons • Better to surrender than to fight when Mongols arrive • Valued scholars, artisans • Conquered people had to pay tribute Building war machine

  4. Overtakes Turks (adds them to his army) • Very tolerant rulers (if people survive takeover, life was ok…) • Chinggis brought foregin advisors to his capitol (engineers, scholars, holy men, etc.) • Pax Mongolia • 1227 – Chinggis dies • Empire splits into 4 – among 3 of his sons and one grandson • Ogedei is elected grand khan Conquests & Death of Chinggis khan

  5. Russia: princes were not allied against Mongols • Results in isolation of Russian from western Europe, peasants had to pay DOUBLE tribute (princes and Mongols) leads to serfdom • Orthodox church survives • Moscow becomes powerful city • Mongols try to go further west into Europe, make it to Hungary but retreat due to death of Ogedei • Islamic Heartlands: destroy centers of civilization/learning • Finish off Abbasid dynasty • Stopped by Mamelukes in Egypt Mongol drive to the west

  6. New ways of warfare • Gunpowder • Helped trade • Helped spread culture, technology, etc. • Spread disease!!!!! Impact (Europe/Islamic world)

  7. Kubilai Khan becomes grand khan, starts Yuan dynasty in China • Tried to preserve Mongol culture but interested in learning about other cultures (Chinese, Persian, etc.) • Stopped exams • Social structure with Mongols on top • Mongol women – higher status, more rights, no footbinding, but unable to influence Chinese • Very tolerant: many outsiders at court, welcomed travelers (Marco Polo) • Scholar-gentry did not like Mongols (power struggle) • Mongols liked merchants/artisans, tried to help peasants • Kubilai dies – beginning of the end of Yuan Mongols in china

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