EGYPT

1. EGYPT • What do you know? • Maps • http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/egyptmap.htm • http://www.all-about-egypt.com/egypt-tourist-attractions.h

2. Outlining HEADING (pg #1) - main ideas of the paragraph -main ideas -main ideas HEADING -main idea (pg. #2) main idea - “wadis”- a dry riverbed

3. Introduction (pg. 1) -Very hot in Egypt THE RIVER BRINGS LIFE TO THE DESERT -four thousand miles long -2 branches- Blue Nile (mtns. of Ethiopia), White Nile(Lake Victoria) -Nile flows Northward -River provides food, transportation. (pg.2)-”The Gift of the Nile” NATURAL FEATURES SURROUND AND PROTECT THE NILE VALLEY -desert covers 96% of Egypt -”wadis”- dry riverbeds

4. Natural geographical buffers = dry hot heat, huge sea, swamps in the north, rapids and waterfalls • For 2000 years Egypt invaded only 3 times • *Buffers = major reason Egypt flourished WHY STUDY ANCIENT EGYPT? -Gave us basic ideas: geometry, mathematics, astronomy, -architecture ideas – columns, fortresses, drawbridges, -domestication of cats, honey bees, carrier pigeons, -tanning of leather, glass making, mosquito netting, canal and lake construction, paper, study of human anatomy, solar calendar, scientific method of study

5. The Beginnings • (5) The Earliest Nile Dwellers • Nomads • 5000-7000 years ago • -stone tools • -gatherers, hunters • Beginnings of Agriculture • Probably an accident • Farming led to settlements

6. Annual flood and the development of Agriculture • Spring snows, mountain flooding – Ethiopia (6) Flooded once a year • Enriched soil**** • Inundation-act of Gods • 3 months flooded then recedes led to Catch basins , dams • Led to irrigation • Shaduf

7. The Black Land and the Red Land • (7)-Black land= dark silt = fertile area- richest farm land in the world • Kemi= silt • Red land= desert = sand and rock • Red land = Desret • *difference between life in Red land and Black Land

8. Building with mud bricks • -sun dried bricks- straw, mud, sand • Melts in the rain- repair The Domestication of Animals- -food, work, clothing, companionship Sheep, pigs, donkeys, cattle, geese, Bees, dogs- greyhound, cats (tufted ears) -used sheep, goats to trample seeds

9. (9)Major Products Wheat, barley, flax- most important Others- grapes, cucumbers, dates, onions, lettuce, chickpeas, figs….and small Popeye figures

10. Writing chapter- see handouts • hieroglyphic project

11. Religion chapter- see God chart handout • God Chart project

12. Mummies • When you think of a mummy what comes to mind? Most of us usually picture an Egyptian mummy wrapped in bandages and buried deep inside a pyramid. • While the Egyptian ones are the most famous, mummies have been found in many places throughout the world, from Greenland to China to the Andes Mountains of South America.

13. http://www.all-about-egypt.com/egypt-tourist-attractions.htmlhttp://www.all-about-egypt.com/egypt-tourist-attractions.html

14. Mummies • A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death.. • Mummies are made naturally or by embalming, which is any process that people use to help preserve a dead body. • The ancient Egyptians believed that mummifying a person's body after death was essential to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.

15. HOW DO YOU MAKE MUMMIES? • Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and expensive process. From start to finish, it took about seventy days to embalm a body. • Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford. High-ranking officials, priests and other nobles who had served the pharaoh and his queen had fairly elaborate burials. • The pharaohs, who were believed to become gods when they died, had the most magnificent burials of all. In the case of a royal or noble burial, the embalmers set up workshops near the tomb of the mummy.

16. Steps of mummification • The art of Egyptian mummification consisted of many steps. • First, the body was washed and ritually purified. • The next step was to remove the deceased person's inner organs. A slit was cut into the left side of the body so that the embalmers could remove the intestines, the liver, the stomach and the lungs. • Each of these organs was embalmed usingnatron, which served to dry out the organs and discourage bacteria from decaying the tissues. • The organs were then individually wrapped using long strips of linen and placed in canopic jars. The lids of these jars were fashioned after the four sons of Horus, who were each suppose to protect a particular organ.

17. Canopic Jars • Qebehsenuef, the falcon head -- intestinesDuamutef, the jackal head -- stomachHapy, the baboon head -- lungsImsety, the human head -- liver

18. Don’t need that brain • After the removal of the inner organs, the body cavity was stuffed with natron. The brain was then removed through the nose using long hooks. Since the ancient Egyptians considered the brain unimportant, it was probably thrown away.

19. Steps continued • The body was then placed on a slanted embalming table and completely covered with natron. This allowed fluids to drip away as the body slowly dried out. • This part of the process took about forty days, after which the natron was removed, inside and out, to reveal a dried, shrunken body. • After another cleaning, the body was rubbed with unguents to aid in preserving the mummy's skin. The head and body cavity were stuffed with packing.

20. Steps continued • The mummy was then prepared for bandaging. First, the embalming cut in the side of the body was sewn up and covered with a patching depicting the protective eye of Horus. The body was adorned with gold, jewels and protective amulets. Fingers and toes were covered with protective gold caps and individually wrapped with long, narrow strips of linen. Arms and legs were also wrapped, then the entire body was wrapped to a depth of about twenty layers. • The embalmers used resin to glue the layers of wrappings together. The wrapped head was covered with a mummy mask. Finally, the last layer of bandages went on and was given one last coating of resin. The mummy was the ready for burial.

21. Finally • Once the mummy was finally prepared, it was time for the funeral. The mummy and its canopic jars were transported by sled from the embalming tent to the tomb. • People were hired to demonstrate their grief by crying and throwing dust on their hair. • At the site of the tomb, religious ceremonies were held to prepare the dead for the afterlife. • In particular, the Opening of the Mouth ceremony was believed to allow the mummy to see, hear, eat and drink in the spirit world.

22. THE AFTERLIFE • The Egyptians believed that every person was composed of three essential elements: body, Ba, and ka. • The body is the physical body and is unique to each individual. As a person gets older, so the body ages and changes - the Egyptians' expressed the idea of growing up as a process of "making changes" - and death is the last change. • Each person also has a Ba. In this sense, Ba is very similar to what we call "personality,” "character," or “soul.” In the afterlife, the Ba is represented as a bird with a human head The Ba or Soul of a dead person

23. Ka and reunification • Each person also has what is called a ka, or life-force, and it is the ka which is the difference between being alive and being dead. Unlike the Ba, the ka is not individual, but common to all living people and the gods: in the beginning, the creator made ka, and ka enters each person's body at birth. • In the next world, or underworld, the goal is to live with ones ka. In order for this to happen, the ka needs to be summoned back to the body and recognize it. But since the body is bound in its wrappings, it must rely on its Ba to seek out its ka.

24. Becoming one again • In seeking a union with the ka, the Ba must overcome many potential dangers in the underworld. • But if it does succeed, it will reunite with the ka and form what is called akh. • The Egyptian's believed that there are only three kinds of beings that live in the next world: the dead, the gods, and akhs. • Akhs are those who have successfully made the transition to new life in the next world, where they live with the gods. • The dead are those who have failed to make the transition. It is said that they have "died again," with no hope of renewed life.

25. The Underworld • The Underworld was apart from this world.   One could not see it or get to it by normal means, though.  • The Underworld could be reached only through your imagination, and through your knowledge of the path of the sun.

26. The Underworld •  The Underworld was a strange and mysterious place.  • mummies were said to sink into this place which was endless, dark, and chaotic. • It was believed that the Underworld was separated from the real world by a wide stream, and that a great river also flowed through it.   • There was water, plants and trees in the Underworld as well, where the dead, once they achieved resurrection, would grow crops to live on.   • This region of the Underworld is sometimes called the Ealu-fields. From the tomb of Sen-Nedjem (20th Dynasty, 1186-1070 BC), showing Sen-Nedjem and his wife in the fields of Ealu.

27. From the tomb of Sen-Nedjem (20th Dynasty, 1186-1070 BC), showing Sen-Nedjem and his wife in the fields of Ealu.

28. The Dangerous Journey • According to the book of Amduat, the Underworld was divided into twelve departments, or hours, and twelve portals that represent the twelve hours of night between the time that the sun sets in the west, and the time it comes up again in the east.   • But time in the Underworld is not the same as time on Earth. Each hour in the Underworld represents an entire lifetime. • The sun god, Ra, travels in his boat on the great river, bringing order and life to each department in turn.  • Along the way his boat may come across the sandbank of Apophis, a monster of chaos in the shape of a giant serpent and the enemy of Ra, who attempts to wreck Ra's boat.

29. Ra in the Underworld • But Ra is defended by several gods and goddesses who ride with him and do battle with Apophis. • As Ra comes to the door of each department, the gates open automatically for him.  • When he enters he shines sunlight on the darkness and speaks magic words from the Book of Gates and all the mummies throw off their protective wrappings and begin a new life.

30. Ra’s power • The resurrected live an entire life as long as Ra remains in their department. •   When Ra goes on to the next department, the mummies re-wrap themselves in their bandages and return to their tombs, darkness returns, and they begin the wait for Ra's next return. • O gods who are in the Underworld,who are behind the ruler of the West,who are stretched n their side,who are sleeping on their supports,raise your flesh,pull together your bones,collect your limbs,unite your flesh.May there be sweet breath to your noses.Loosing for your mummy wrappings.May your head-masks be uncovered.May there be light for your divine eyesin order that you may see the light by means of them.Stand up from your weariness.

31. The Book of the Dead • Among the obstacles that could stand in the way of reunion of Ba and ka, and resurrection, the most important was the Judgment of the Dead.   • We know of the Judgment mostly from one of the latest and most popular collections of spells known as the Book of the Dead.

32. Judgment of the Dead • A scene from the Book of the Dead depicts the Judgment of the Dead. Anubis watches the scales; on the right, Thoth records the results; The Devourer next to Anubis, waits to eat sinful hearts. • In the scales are shown the deceased's heart on left, and the feather of Maat on the right.

33. The weighing of the heart

34. The heart • The heart of the deceased was placed on one side of a balance. The heart was special to the ancient Egyptians: it was considered the center of a person's personality, and it provided a link between one's life in this world and the next. • It would assure memory of ones earthly identity in the afterlife. So important was it that the Egyptians took special care that the heart be left in the body of the deceased, along with a spell from the Book of the Dead to give the heart back to the dead in the afterlife. (This unlike the brain, which was extracted and discarded.) • On the other side of the balance was placed a feather, symbol of Maat, goddess of truth, justice and order.

35. The confession The deceased then would begin immediately reciting a formula that dealt with confessing and proving their truthfulness. As the dead person recited these things the scales would start to balance. • The scales of the balance would either stay balanced, indicating that his heart was not heavy and he thus told the truth, • Or they would tip, indicating that his heart was made heavy with lies. • Anubis would be present to verify the results and bring the scales in balance,. Thoth, the god of the written word, would record the results.

36. Yea! • Assuming all went well, as it usually did if one made it to the Hall of Two Truths, a general verdict would be given in which the truthfulness of the judged is verified. • He is allowed to receive offerings and take bread with Osiris, confirming his transfer to the order of the afterlife, and is given a parcel of land on which to live eternally.

37. The Appealing nature of this world • The appealing thing about his idea for most Egyptians was that you could realize your dreams in the next world. • Poor people, crippled people etc could be reborn into a better way of life for themselves.

38. Tomb of the Unknown Mummy • http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Games/InteractiveAdventures/Tomb-unknown-mummy?source=sem_G2209&kwid=mummies|2681126987&gclid=CLS_zZK_lZ4CFQifnAodryiIrQ Check out that link for a cool game on mummies.

39. Interactive map of Egypt • http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/egyptmap.htm

40. review chapter. VI- Mummies and Burial • KA and BA • Mastaba • Steps of Mummification • Natron, Amulet, Shawbatis • Sarcophagus • Book of the Dead • Journey to the Underworld • Anubis, Thoth, The Devourer, Weighing of the Heart • Ceremony of the Touching of the Mouth • Mortuary Temple

41. Mummified Chicken project

42. 1. Weigh your chicken. • 2. Wearing gloves, students will remove entrails from the chicken (Optional: These can be preserved in smaller baggies and put in baby food jars. Later, students can decorate the baby food jars with clay heads, turning them into canopic jars.) • 3. At a sink, thoroughly rinse both inside and outside of chicken. Do this until the liquid runs clear. • 4. Using paper towels (many will be needed), dry the chicken thoroughly inside and out, especially under the legs and wings. This is critical, since any moisture can create problems with the mummification process. • 5. Rub the 1/2 cup of spices all over the chicken (inside and out). Any mixture of sweet-smelling (and cheap) spices will do. The purpose is to mask the odor of the decay which is about to take place. • 6. Rub salt over the entire chicken, making sure that every inch is covered (and very dry). • 7. Fill the cavity with salt. • 8. Place the chicken in a Zip-loc bag. Seal the bag and place in a plastic tub (or bowl) in case the bag begins to leak. (As the process occurs, liquid will drain from the carcass). • 9. Once a week for 4 or 5 weeks, open the bag and remove the chicken (be sure to wear gloves!). Weigh the chicken each time and record the weight. The chicken must be re-spiced, re-salted (inside the cavity and out), and replaced in a clean bag.

43. 9. Repeat this process each week until no more liquid accumulates in the bag. 10. When the chicken is done, remove it from the bag. Weigh it one last time. Then wrap it in gauze strips or ripped muslin strips. Decorate with handmade "authentic" Egyptian amulets, medallions, jewels, etc. 11. Create a sarcophagus for the mummy using shoe boxes. Spray box with gravel paint. Decorate with hieroglyphics and pictures of Egyptian gods. 12. Students can bury the sarcophagus (with mummy inside) and dig it up later in the year. 13. Students can keep a journal of the process. Mummified chicken project

44. Weight loss chart • Name:  •  1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.) • 1. How many ounces did your chicken way at the beginning?  • 2. How many ounces did your chicken weigh at the end of the mummification process? • 3. How many total ounces did the chicken lose during the mummification process? • 4. Weight Loss fraction _______ •     Weight loss percentage _______ •     Weight loss decimal _______

45. Tombs and Pyramidschapter VII and video • Mastaba to Pyramid • Djoser (Old Kingdom) • Imhotep -Step Pyramid -over 200 feet high -beginning of pyramid era

46. Imhotep’s Step Pyramid • The large complex at Saqqara is about 15 kilometers south of Giza and is most famous as the site of Djoser’s large step pyramid and various well preserved tombs and other structures.   • This step pyramid is the oldest surviving large-scale stone structure in the world.   It was designed by Imhotep, the most famous architect in all of Egyptian history, who stacked six traditional stone platforms on top of each other.

47. Step Pyramid

48. The Bent Pyramid • The Bent Pyramid was the first attempt to build a true pyramid and it still retains more of its limestone casing than any other pyramid in the country.   • However it appears that the builders started at too steep an angle and had to change their plans part-way through construction.

49. Bent Pyramid

50. Pyramids at Giza