Writing the Sounds of Ilinua

1. R. Heckner Writing the Sounds of Ilinua

2. Introduction • The letter as it is written in standard Ilinua is written as the title of each slide. • A written description of the approximate sound. • An example of use. • Other written forms of the letter is included in the slide. • The next three slides are descriptions of three diacritics that are used occasionally in Ilinua.

3. ´ • The grave accent. When used in Ilinua it marks an unaccented as accented. • Example: Vata (with) is usually accented on the second vowel, that after the ‘t,’ when written as váta, accented on the first vowel, the meaning becomes together. • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: vowel doubled (ex. váta becomes vaata.)

4. ̈ • The umlaut. When used in Ilinua it marks a vowel sounded with an ‘r’ following it. • Example: Kar (food) may be written kä. A small amount of words in Ilinua are generally written with the umlauted vowel only, though on typewriters and limited keyboards the ‘r’ is written in the word. Example: önd (duck) is generally written only as önd, however it an by written ornd. • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: ‘r’ is written after the vowel, example vökstur (divine power) becomes vorkstur.

5. ~ • The tilde. When used in Ilinua it marks the nasalization of a vowel. • The tilde is never used with ‘e,’ ‘i,’ or ‘u;’ only with ‘a’ and ‘o.’ • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: ‘n’ is written after the vowel. Example ã (from thence) becomes an.

6. A, a • Sounded as the ‘a’ in the English father. • Att (for). • Other written forms: • None

7. Æ, æ • Rare symbol. It is used to represent the diphthong ‘ai.’ • Sounded as the ‘i’ in the English mile. • This symbol must not be confused with the diphthong ‘ae’ which in Ilinua represents a sound as the ‘ay’ in the English day, and is written as separate letters, whereas ‘æ’ is written as one. • Maiz (corn) may be written mæz. • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: the standard ‘ai’ is used.

8. B, b • Sounded as the ‘b’ in the English bat. • Ba (eight) • Other written forms: • None

9. D, d • Sounded as the ‘d’ in English dad at the beginning and middle of words; sounded as t in English time at the end of words. • Dai- {may also be written dæ-} ordinal number indicator (prefix). (Example: daiba{dæba} eighth.) • Other written forms: • None.

10. E, e • Sounded as the ‘u’ in the English hut. • Elnim (help) • Other written forms: • Rare/ literary: the diphthong ei becomes ė, example: dirauitei (to invest) becomes dirauitė.

11. F, f • Sounded as the ‘f’ in the English fun. • Faeso (water) • Other written forms: • None

12. Ġ, ġ • Rare sound. Sounded as a deep harsh ‘g’ sound, made with a velar thrill (like the French ‘r’). • Haġişi {may also be written haggişi; haġishi; haggishi} (to write nonsensically). • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: ġ becomes gg, example: ġeð {ġeth} (divine temper) becomes ggeth.

13. H, h • Sounded as the ‘h’ the English hot. • Ha- (and [prefix]). • Other written form: • Rare/ literary: Before a vowel the ‘h’ is dropped and a circumflex is added vowel: Hiku (seven) becomes Îku

14. I, i • Sounded as the ‘ee’ in the English fee as a vowel, sounded as the ‘y’ in English you as a consonant. • Ithi (four); İäðäfö{may also be written: Iartharfor; and various other forms} (royal of divine funeral) • Other written forms: • Optional (common): [primary letter, proceeding a vowel] I becomes İ, example: Ian becomes İan or İã • Rare/ literary: ii becomes į, ansarauiian (school) becomes ansarauįan.

15. K, k • Sounded as the ‘k’ in English key when at the beginning and middle of a word; sounded as the ‘g’ in the English get at the end of a word. • Kakuai {rarely written as kakuæ} (to be). • Other written forms: • None

16. L, l • Sounded as the ‘l’ as in the English line • Liank (two) • Other written forms: • None

17. Ł, ł • Rare sound. Sounded as the ‘ll’ in the Welsh llacio. In phonological terms it is a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. Meaning the voice box does not move during articulation, the tongue is placed on the alveolar ridge during articulation, air is directed over the sides of the tongue in articulation , and the sound is made by the friction of the breath in a narrow opening. • Łaki (to relax) • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: Ł becomes ll, example: łaki becomes llaki

18. M, m • Sounded as the ‘m’ in the English mother • Maki (to want) • Other written forms: • None

19. N, n • Sounded as the ‘n’ in the English net • Ninifaeso (tea) • Other written forms: • None

20. O, o • Sounded as the ‘o’ in the English note. • Kola (cola) • Other written forms: • None

21. R, r • Sounded as the ‘r’ as in the English room. • Rusazala (Russian [language]) • Other written forms: • None

22. S, s • Sounded as the ‘s’ in the English sound. • Soam (many) • Other written forms: • None

23. Ş, ş • Sounded as the ‘sh’ in the English ship. • Şen {also written as shen} (how). • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: ş becomes sh , şen becomes shen.

24. T, t • Sounded as the ‘t’ in the English time at the beginning and the middle of words; silenced at the end of words. • Ta (one, a person). • Other written forms: • None

25. Ð, ð • Sounded as the ‘th’ in the English thin • Ðrai (divine stubbornness). • Other written forms: • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: Ð becomes th, iði (four; uncommon spelling typewriter form more often used) becomes ithi.

26. U, u • Sounded as the ‘oo’ in the English boo. • Vu (I) • Other written forms: • None

27. V, v • Sounded as the ‘v’ in the English van at the beginning and middle before a vowel; sounded as the ‘w’ in the English war at the end of words and before a consonant. • Vuvantni {also written vuvãtni} (you [formal]). • Other written forms: • Rare/ literary: v becomes υ as a medial before a vowel, ŵ as a medial before a consonant (is two v’s, both are replaced by ŵ), and ύ as a final. Example: vuvantni becomes vuυãtni, eivva (nine) becomes eiŵa, and uv (tree) becomes uύ.

28. Z, z • Sounded as the ‘ts’ in the English catsat the beginning and end, and middle of words before a vowel; Sounded as the ‘z’ in the English zone in the middle of words before a consonant. • Zalai (to speak) • Other written forms: • Rare/ literary: z becomes ż as a medial before a consonant. Example: Sztile (indeed) becomes sżtile.

29. Full Alphabet • Standard: A Æ B D E F Ġ H I [İ] K L Ł M N O R S Ş T Ð U V Z a æ b d e f ġ h i k l ł m n o r s ş t ð u v z • Typewriter/ limited keyboard: A Ai B D E F Gg H I K L Ll M N O R S Sh T Th U V Z a ai b d e f gg h I l ll m n o r s sh t th u v z

30. Heleibomavuvantni • Thank you (formal) • Êlėbomaυuυãtni (rare/ literary form)