Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction Notes

1. Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction Notes To be used with Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction Guided Notes

2. Cell Reproduction • All of your body (somatic) cells are formed by mitosis • Cell Reproduction is important when our bodies grow or when certain cells need replacement Cell type Life span (days) Brain 30-50 years Red blood Platelets Stomach lining Liver Intestine lining Skin 120 10 2 200 3 20

3. Stem Cells - cells taken from an early stage embryo that can differentiate (change into different cells)

4. Chromatin-Chromatid-ChromosomeGenetic material - Contains DNA • Chromatin Chromatid Chromosome DNA stands Coiled chromatin Replicated spaghetti & meatballs sister chromatids

5. The Cell Cycle - IPMAT2 Parts: Interphase & Mitosis

6. The Cell Cycle - IPMAT • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokenesis Cell cycle Mitosis

7. Interphase • 3 parts of Interphase • takes up about 90% of cell cycle • G1 (growth one phase): • organelles grow • S (synthesis phase): • replication of chromosome material • G2 (growth phase two): • more organelle and cell growth

8. Interphase Chromatin: Immature chromosomes. Chromosomes are NOT distinguishable under microscope. Chromatin looks like spaghetti & meatballs. CENTRIOLES CHROMATIN NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

9. Mitosis - 4 phases • Mitosis:is the second part of the cell cycle and is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. • The chromosome number in the daughter cell is the same as in the parent. - Humans have 46 chromosomes in each parent cell - their daughter cells will have 46 chromosomes. • Also called asexual reproduction or nuclear cell division • Only one parent is needed

10. Mitosis Each species has a specific chromosome number. Organism Number of Chromosomes Human Chimpanzee Dog Fruit fly Garden pea Adder’s fern Is the chromosome number related to the complexity of the organism??? NO WAY! 46 48 78 8 14 1260

11. Phase1- Prophase 1. centrioles begin to separate 2. centrioles are connected by spindle fibers made of protein 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. chromosomes appear coiled and become visible

12. Chromosome Structure • chromatid: is one strand of a chromosome. two chromatids = one chromosome • centromere: holds the chromatids together

13. Phase 2 - Metaphase 1. centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell connected by the spindle fibers. 2. each chromosome moves to the center of a cell along one spindle fiber. 3. the centromere attaches to a specific spindle fiber.

14. Phase 3 - Anaphase 1. cell is egg shape 2. centromeres replicate & separate 3. chromosomes separate 4. cytoplasmic division begin 5. cell membrane begins to pinch in

15. Phase 4 - Telophase 1. cell shape is figure 8 2. spindle fibers disappear 3. nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes 4. centrioles replicate in late telophase 5. cell division begins in late telophase

16. Cytokenesis--known as complete cell division-two identical daughter cells

17. The Cell Cycle:Interphase &Mitosis

18. Homework • Using page 6 of your guided notes. Write a paragraph, in your own words explain all the stages of mitosis. • Also include all the words in the word bank. • If you do not have your guided notes please go to my website: myteacherpages .com Then go to guided notes & find page 6.

19. Mitosis

20. Plant Mitosis • How does mitosis differ in plants? • No centriole in plant cells • Plant cells do not pinch in half • Cytoplasmic division is accomplished by a cell plate forming between 2 daughter cells

21. Mitosis In Plants: Interphase

22. Mitosis In Plants: Prophase

23. Mitosis In Plants: Metaphase

24. Mitosis In Plants: Anaphase

25. Mitosis In Plants: Telophase

26. Mitosis In Plants: Interphase

27. Results of Mitosis • The same chromosome number is retained from generation to generation • Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the chromosomes of the parent cell

28. Results of Mitosis 3. Mutations are rare Cancer: uncontrolled cellular mitotic divisions Causes: Environment influences Viruses Smoking Radiation Prevention: Diet & exercise

29. Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Binary fission: equal division of the cytoplasm and nucleus • results in two new organisms • Examples: paramecium, ameba, euglena

30. Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Budding: nucleus of an organism's cell divides equally but the cytoplasm divides unequally • Examples: yeast, hydra, Sponge Bob

31. Sponge Bob

32. Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Sporulation: the production of spores • Example: molds • spores: single, specialized cells which are released from the parent • they are enclosed in a protective case and develop when environmental conditions are favorable

33. Sporulation

34. Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Regeneration: the development of an entire new organism from part of an original organism • Example: starfish—one ray and part of central body • may also involve the restoration of lost body parts • invertebrates have greater powers of regeneration than do vertebrates

35. Regeneration

36. Patrick

37. Methods of Asexual Reproduction • Vegetative Propagation: regeneration in plants • Complete new plants develop from part of the original plant • Example: Grafting

38. Asexual Reproduction Summary Individuals produced during asexual reproduction are genetically identical to their parents