GALFA GALACTIC ASTRONOMY WITH ALFA Three Major Science Areas:

1. GALFA GALACTIC ASTRONOMY WITH ALFA Three Major Science Areas: CON Radio Continuum (incl. Polarimetry) RRL Radio Recombination Line (Spectroscopy) HI (Spectroscopy)

2. GALFA CONTINUUM SUB-CONSORTIUM Synchrotron emission gives steep spectrum with substantial linear polarization Whole sky surveys @ 408 MHz (51’) 1400 MHz (36’) Low and intermediate b surveys @ 1.4 GHz (10’), 2.7 GHz (5’), and 4.8 GHz (3’) Have yielded extremely curious “disembodied” polarization features – could be due to differential Faraday rotation (angle ~ wavelength2)

3. GALFA CONTINUUM SUB-CONSORTIUM 9’ BEAM

4. GALFA CON SUB-CONSORTIUM Unravel RM with “FARADAY TOMOGRAPHY” to obtain unique view of B-field in Milky Way GALFA Continuum Transit Survey (GALFACTS) Full ALFA bandwidth+Full Stokes Parameters obtained with PALFA Spectrometer (1024 ch/par.) Scan fast (in ZA) giving zig-zag on sky filled in on successive days. 1000 hr for AO sky Polarimetric confusion (20 microJy/beam) << Stokes I (2 mJy/beam) Issues: -8 dB coma lobes & polariz. of outer beams

5. GALFA RADIO RECOMBINATION LINE (RRL) SUB-CONSORTIUM 12 RRLs of H, He, C, and heavy elements (dn = 1) fall within ALFA passband: n = 174 @ 1238 MHz to n = 163 @ 1505 MHz 11 useful (RFI) 3 MHz BW each Spaced 20-30 MHz

6. GALFA RRL SUB-CONSORTIUM MAJOR THEMES Turbulence in ionized regions Galactic Structure incl. Te gradient Kinematics & Dynamics of HII regions and PDRs Galactic Diffuse Medium RRL SURVEY 0.5 km/s resolution Galactic Plane with |b| < 5o 300 s integration time per pointing - 10mK sens. Several to many transitions observed simultaneously (for sensitivity) 2000 hrs total time required (commensal candidate)

7. GALFA HI SUB-CONSORTIUM MAJOR THEMES What are the critical physical processes that determine the structure and evolution of the interstellar medium? What are the CONNECTIONS -- between atomic and molecular ISM, between the “cold” and “normal” neutral medium, and between the Disk and the Halo? What are high latitude clouds and clouds in the Galactic Halo?

8. GALFA HI SUB-CONSORTIUM Galactic High–Latitude HI Interstellar Turbulence (low & high – b) Neutral Hydrogen as Probe of the Origin & Evolution of Molecular Clouds The Cold Neutral Medium The Disk-Halo Connection HI Clouds in the Galactic Halo High-Latitude Line Wings & Turbulence High-Latitude Clouds

9. GALFA HI SUB-CONSORTIUM Galactic Low–Latitude HI Low-Latitude HI Study of the Galactic Plane 21-cm Emission Line Wings at Forbidden Velocities

10. GALFA – HI MAPPING STRATEGIES Rotating array by ~ 22 deg gives 7 equally spaced beams on the sky Beam spacing is 125” Nyquist sampling interval perpendicular to scan direction is 95” Average FWHM beam size is 215” A single drift scan pass with this configuration yields a somewhat undersampled map in direction perpendicular to scan Integration time along scan direction is ~4 s/sample in order not to smear beam (equivalent to 1’) Successive strips are offset by 875” Mapping rate is 3.5 deg2 hr-1 with 4 s integration time/pixel SINGLE-DRIFT MAPPING

11. GALFA – HI MAPPING STRATEGIES If Nyquist sampling is desired, single-drift mapping will not be satisfactory and interleaved drift scans offset by 62” can be profitably employed (mapping rate is 1.83 deg2 hr-1) Exact effective integration time depends on precise beam reconstruction function employed, but will typically be about 10 seconds/beam With 2 polarizations and noiseless reference position Rms = 0.18 K for velocity resolution = 0.2 km/s Rms = 0.08 K for velocity resolution = 1.0 km/s DOUBLE-DRIFT MAPPING

12. GALFA HI – High Latitude Surveys: Interstellar Turbulence Critical mechanism for determining structure of ISM Intermittency Energy Injection Relationship with Theory Require l-b-v cubes for which you can calculate velocity-density correlations

13. GALFA HI – HI & Molecular Clouds What is the origin of molecular clouds What is the relationship between atomic and molecular components in present day clouds and cloud complexes Does atomic ISM provide external pressure for molecular clouds? What is the evolutionary connection between atomic and molecular phases?

15. ~ 50 Sq. Degree Image of 13CO Integrated Intensity in Taurus FCRAO 14m with Sequoia Array 55” res.

16. GALFA HI – High Latitude Surveys: Cold Neutral Medium (CNM) Characteristics: Cold, thermally stable phase of HI Temperature 15 to 300 K 40% of HI by mass Some questions: Why such a large range of temperatures? Why such extreme geometries – sheets & filaments? How much CNM is there, really? What are its relationships with other phases of ISM including molecular clouds?

17. GALFA HI – High Latitude Surveys: The Disk – Halo Connection Total kinetic energy of halo gas probably exceeds that of disk due to large velocity dispersion Flow of hot gas from disk to halo seen in edge-on spiral galaxies with active star formation Interstellar “chimneys” and “fountains” are plausibly the conduit for energy and matter transport Need relatively high sensitivity Must have high spatial resolution of Arecibo Large area coverage of about 2500 deg2 is required (in and out of Galatic Plane)

18. GALFA HI – High Latitude Surveys: HI Clouds in the Galactic Halo Gas at high latitudes not consistent with Galactic rotation models – clouds are clearly outside the galactic disk Intermediate Velocity Clouds (IVCs): distances between few hundred pc and 2 kpc; solar metallicities; may be the final stage of a Galatic fountain High Velocity Clouds (HVCs): deviate by > 50 km from Galactic rotation; metallicity = 0.1 solar; two-phase structure with cold cores embedded in warm envelope; DISTANCE UNCERTAIN Magellanic Stream: only HVC complex with known origin, namely that they are tidal debris of Magellanic Clouds; total mass of HI almost 5x108 solar masses; Compact High Velocity Clouds (CHVCs): separate class spatially and kinematically; visible counterparts of Dark Matter Halos? QUESTIONS: Structure, physical conditions, interactions, origin

19. High Latitude Surveys: Line Wings - An Unrecognized Source of Turbulence If at 100 pc 0.4 solar masses 1045 erg

20. GALFA HI – High Latitude Surveys: High Latitude Clouds Dust and dust evolution Relatively simple “laboratories” to study key physical processes High-latitude translucent clouds Statistics, turbulence, formation & evolution Relationship between atomic and molecular gas

21. Galfa HI – Low Latitude Surveys: Survey of the Galactic Plane at |b| < 5 deg 800 deg2 in first and third quadrants Nyquist sampling High spectral resolution HIGHEST ANGULAR RESOLUTION OF ANY COMPLETE SINGLE DISH SURVEY: find what was missed with lower resolution / coarser / less complete surveys SCIENTIFIC GOALS (1) Use HI self-absorption (HISA) to map spiral arms in first quadrant (resolve distance ambiguities) (2) Study atomic and molecular gas in Giant Molecular Clouds (sites of formation of massive stars) (3) Infrared Luminosity Function of the Inner Galaxy – correlations with MSX and other surveys

22. GALFA HI – Low Latitude Surveys: Forbidden Velocity Line Wings • Old, previously-unkown supernovae remants? • Stellar wind-blown bubbles?

23. Time Requirements for GALFA – Surveys PROJECT DETAILS TIME (hr) RRL 300s per position 2000 CON Fast scanning 1.3s/Nyquist sample 1000 Turbulence Piggyback on other data sets - Molecular Clouds Taurus+Perseus 1000 deg2 ; massive star- forming regions; isolated clouds 1600 CNM 12 regions x 100 deg2 + other larger regions 1400 Disk-Halo 2500 deg2 1400 Clouds in Halo All sky 13,600 deg2 [COMMENSAL]15600 High Lat. Clouds same data set as Molecular Clouds - Low Latitude Plane 800 deg2 460 FV Wings ~ 10 x DD Area TBD ?