1 / 51

European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914. Changes leading to 1890. Firing of Bismarck – change of foreign policy in Germany Ending of British and French isolation Rise of Japan . Kaiser William II (Germany). 1890 – fired Bismarck based on political differences Weltpolitik – “world politic”

honora
Download Presentation

European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

  2. Changes leading to 1890 • Firing of Bismarck – change of foreign policy in Germany • Ending of British and French isolation • Rise of Japan

  3. Kaiser William II (Germany) • 1890 – fired Bismarck based on political differences • Weltpolitik – “world politic” • Wanted to establish Germany as a GLOBAL power and compete with GB and France • Establish Germany’s place in the sun • Diverged away from Bismarck’s continental policy • Unraveled Bismarck’s web of alliances and agreements – not compatible with William’s vision of Germany

  4. Lapse of Reinsurance Treaty (1890) • Germany allowed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to expire • Wanted to sure up relationship with AH and not have conflicting goals with Russia (Balkans) • Wanted to pursue relationship with GB • GB foreign policy conflicted with Russia • Russia wanted to continue treaty

  5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) • Late 1880s and early 1890s – French investment in Russia increased in response to German economic moves against Russia – ex. Russian grain tariff • 1892 – France and Russia signed military treaty • Pledged mutual aid if either attacked by Germany • Pledged mobilization if either attacked by a member of the Triple Alliance • 1894 – formalized alliance • Ended French isolation

  6. British Foreign Policy • Imperialistic rivalries ended with France after the Fashoda Crisis (1898) • Development of German rivalry • Kruger telegram and William II’s support for Boers in the Boer War (1895) • Berlin-Baghdad RR – William II wanted to finance/construct RR in OE to build trade in Middle East (1898) • Anglo-German Naval rivalry

  7. Anglo-German Naval Rivalry • German naval construction bills 1897/1900 • German began to build navy to rival the naval power of GB • GB increased naval spending • Development of dreadnought class battleship • Created arms race

  8. British-Japanese Naval Alliance • 1902 • GB and Japan signed naval alliance with Japan • Allowed GB to remove naval presence from Pacific and concentrate closer to the Atlantic to help counter German naval build-up • Also – gave GB ally against potential Russian threat in China • Ended the “splendid isolation” of GB

  9. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • (See Russo-Japanese Powerpoint with the rise of Modern Japan)

  10. The Rise of Modern Japan

  11. Japan: Meiji Era (1868-1912) • Modernization of Japan – based on western economics and politics • Centralized govt. • Emperor with full authority - ministers • Parliament • Constitution & legal system • Currency

  12. Army – modeled on Prussian army • Navy – modeled on British navy • Economic: • RR, telegraph, steamship • Industry and factories – exports increase • Demand for raw materials (empire)

  13. Why modernize? • Check foreign influence in Japan – did not want to become China • US and European countries strong-armed trade rights in Japan (1850’s) • Japanese port cities bombarded by US and European nations • Emperor forced to sign and confirm trade treaties

  14. Lacked political unity • Lacked military power • Modernize or become European colony – adopt western technology to promote Japan

  15. Russo-Japanese Rivalry • Manchuria and Korea – regions of competition

  16. Sino-Japanese War (1894) • Japan vs. China • Japanese victory! • Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895): • Korea – independent nation (formally a part of China) • Japan took control of economic interests in Korea • Japan annexed Formosa (modern Taiwan) • Japan received economic concessions in Manchuria and control of Port Arthur (Liaotung peninsula) • Mining rights

  17. Russia-Japan Rivalry • Japanese interests in Manchuria competed with Russia • Russia – RR in Manchuria that connected Vladivostok to Trans-Siberian RR, and mining interests • European nations forced Japan to concede Manchuria back to China • Russia – leased Liaotung peninsula from China (1898) – built RR to connect Port Arthur to Trans-Siberian RR

  18. Russian Interests • Needed a foreign political distraction – Czar losing support at home • Manchuria and Korea support port of Vladivostok • RR connecting Vladivostok and Manchuria (Port Arthur) – trade rights, mining rights

  19. Japanese Interests • Need for raw materials to boost industrialization • New markets – Asian mainland • Great Power status • Did not want to see Russia gain economic concessions from China • 1902 – Japan/Great Britain sign alliance – GB anticipated conflict with Russia

  20. Russo-Japanese War - 1904 • Japan attacked Port Arthur • Manchuria – region of war • Battle of Mukden – Japan won – Russia could not support troops via land – trans-Siberian RR not complete • Battle of Tsushima Strait – Japanese navy defeated Russian navy • Upset!

  21. Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905 • US involvement – Pres. T. Roosevelt – US did not want to see Russia or Japan become powerful – challenge interests in China • Portsmouth, New Hampshire – US, Japan, Russia met

  22. Effects and Outcomes • Concessions: • Japan: • Received Port Arthur • Liaotung Peninsula • preferred position in Manchuria • Korea = protectorate • Southern half of island of Sakhalin • Japan – Great Power in the East – challenged European supremacy

  23. Russia: • Shifted political/foreign focus to Europe – Balkans region • Czar lost prestige – questioned ability to rule – Revolution of 1905 • Loss viewed as shock to Europe

  24. Rise of Asian nationalism – revolts in Asian countries against European powers and rulers supported by European powers

  25. French Foreign Policy • French-Italian Agreement (1898) • Economic agreement ended tariff and France supported Italy with loans for economic development • Italy recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence • France recognized Tripoli as Italian sphere of influence • Anglo-French Agreement (1904) • France recognized Egypt as British protectorate • England recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence • Northern Morocco went to Spain • Siam = neutral buffer between Burma (GB) and French Indo-China

  26. The First Moroccan Crisis (1905) • Jan. 1905 – French sent mission to Fez, Morocco to stabilize Morocco and protect French business interests • William II (Ger.) landed in Tangiers, Morocco to meet with the sultan and voice his support for Moroccan independence • Protect German business interests in Morocco • Test the new entente between France and GB • GB supported France in Morocco against Germany

  27. Anglo-French Military Staff Talks (1905) • British and French military commanders discuss plans for unified military action on the continent • Extended commitment to each other • Germany = enemy

  28. The Algeciras Conference (Jan. 1906) • International Conference in Algeciras, Spain to resolve the Moroccan Crisis • Morocco recognized as French sphere of influence and be under the policing of France and Spain • France controlled the Bank of Morocco – gave France control of economic development • Entente between GB and France strengthened • Germany’s position in Morocco weakened • Received no support from Italy and luke-warm support from AH

  29. Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) • Great Britain and Russia resolve imperialistic rivalries – mostly in the Middle East • Both powers stay out of Tibet • Russia recognized Afghanistan as GB sphere of influence • Persia divided into three zones • North = Russian sphere of influence • Middle = neutral sphere of influence • South = GB sphere of influence – secured India • Agreed to bar Germany from Persia • Germany began pushing into the Middle East by cultivating relationship in Iraq – Berlin to Baghdad RR

  30. Entente between GB and Russia created the ability for the Triple Entente to exist • GB had ententes with France and Russia • France and Russia had alliance • Acted as political balance to Triple Alliance

  31. New Tendencies in Foreign Policy • Need for allies to offset threat from other nations and other alliance blocs (balance of power) • Cannot be isolated • Restricted foreign policy flexibility of involved nations • Increase in armaments – size and expenditures • Beginning of arms races • New draft laws to increase service time to increase size of trained military • Increase of influence of military leaders in government • Joint war plans between countries • Creation of war plans • Military leaders increasingly advising govt. action

  32. Militarism Discussion • Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a deterrent to war. • Include the concept of balance of power. • Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a contributor to war.

  33. The Bosnian Crisis (1908) • The Buchlau Meeting • Izvolsky – Russia – wanted to open the Straits to Russian warships for access to the Med Sea • Aehrenthal – AH – wanted to annex Bosnia • Both agreed to support each others claims provided announced at the same time • Aehrenthal announced the annexation of Bosnia without the consent of Russia • Izvolsky had not discussed with the Czar or secured support of GB and France • Annexation received negative reaction from other Great Powers – England, France, Russia

  34. Serbia mobilized army to protest annexation • Wanted to annex Bosnia themselves because of Serbian population in Bosnia • Austria mobilized army • Germany supported Austria with verbal/military support • GB supported Russia with verbal support • France failed to support Russia • Russia too weak from Russo-Japanese war to challenge Germany and defend interests of Serbia • Austria allowed to annex Bosnia

  35. 2nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) • “The Panther Incident” • 1911 – France sent troops into Fez (Morocco) to put down rebellion against Sultan and protect French settlers • Morocco effectively became a protectorate • Germany sent the Panther (gunboat) to Agadir (port) as a show of force against French moves • Demanded France give the French Congo to Germany as compensation • Claimed violation of Algeciras agreement

  36. GB and Russia supported France against Germany • AH failed to strongly support Germany • Effects: • Germany received 100,000 square miles of worthless territory in the Congo • Morocco = French protectorate • Viewed as diplomatic defeat for Germany

  37. The Libyan War (the Tripoli War) 1911 • Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire and invaded Tripoli • Italy won (1912) • Annexed Tripoli and Libya

  38. Haldane Conference (1912) • Lord Haldane – British minister of war – went to Germany to discuss the issue of the naval race • Germany wanted British neutrality in a German war with France in exchange for modifications to German naval build up • Conference failed • British / French naval agreement • France concentrate navy in Mediterranean Sea • GB concentrate navy in English channel / North Sea

  39. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) • 1912- Creation of the Balkan League • Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro • Cooperate if attacked, prevent Great Powers from seizing territory in Balkans, unified stance against the Ottoman Empire • 1st Balkan War (1912) • Balkan League attacked OE in Balkan peninsula • Victorious

  40. London Conference • Sponsored by the Great Powers to control distribution of territory • Creation of Albania • Prevented Serbia access to Adriatic Sea and limited Serb power on peninsula • Supported by AH • Serbia received expanded territory on the peninsula

  41. 2nd Balkan War • Bulgaria attacked Serbia over Balkan territory • Serbia supported by Rumania and OE • Serbia won the conflict • Bulgaria lost further territory • Albania maintained • Great Powers (Russia and AH) did not intervene in either war mostly due to diplomatic efforts of England and Germany

  42. M.A.I.I.N Causes of WWI • Militarism • Alliance System • Imperialism • Industrialism • Nationalism • Other causes identified by IB: • The desire for revenge • Economic factors • Specifically – Balkan Nationalism • Treaties • Ideology

  43. Militarism • The use of the military as a tool of foreign policy • The increased influence of the military in the government and society • The build up of military forces – land armies and navies • Maintained balance of power among European nations

  44. Alliance System • Military agreements between countries – typically defensive – if one country is attacked others will join to aid the attacked country • Maintained balance of power • Intended to offset the threat of war

  45. Imperialism • Extension of political, economic, and social influence abroad to foreign regions/countries • Often involves the creation of colonies/empires OR the annexation of new territory • Raw materials to support industrialization • Competition • GB and France – established empires • Germany – weltpolitik – create empire

  46. Industrialism • Rapid production of goods using machines • Supports and supplies large armies • Supports technological development of military • Coincides with the development of the factory system and urbanization – concentration of labor • Requires large amounts of raw materials

  47. Nationalism • Putting the interests of your own country ahead of the international interests (collective good) • What is best for my country at this time? • Also applies to groups of people who seek independence from a controlling group/country

  48. the Balkan “Powder Keg” • Why would the Balkan peninsula be referred to as a “powder keg” leading up to World War I? • Rivalry between AH and Russia • Pan-Slavism • Rivalry between AH and Serbia • AH annexed Bosnia • Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia and increase power and influence in Balkan peninsula • Issue of Albania – supported by AH • Nationalist movements – new Balkan nations breaking away from the Ottoman Empire • Balkan wars

More Related