The Struggle to Control North America

1. The Struggle to Control North America

2. The Treaty of Utrecht ~1713~ • Gave Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay (Rupert’s Land), and most of Acadia to the British.

3. 2 Major Struggles: Fur Trade & Atlantic • Both the British and French competed over the rich resources of fur and fish throughout North America • This competition over the fur trade looked different for both countries. Why? • Why did countries want to control the Atlantic coast? • Where and why did the French build Louisburg? • Where and why did the British build Halifax? • Who gained control of Acadia?

4. Louisburg Halifax

5. Deportation of the Acadians ~1755~ Who were the Acadians? (review on pg.35) What happened to the Acadians?

7. The Final Struggle ~The Seven Years War~ 1756 • War again breaks out in Europe between France and Britain. • Each country uses very different strategies to fight the war, and therefore the war had different outcomes for each country. • The British were eager to defeat the French and knew they had to control the St. Lawrence river in order to do this so they sent 7-8 times more men, than France to fight in North America!

8. Disputed French and English Territory

9. 1. First the British Capture Louisburg • British need to take control of Louisburg in order to gain control of the St. Lawrence river entrance. If successful they could sail down the river to attack QUEBEC!

10. 2. Capture of the Ohio Valley The British found this war necessary in order to reduce French influence in this LARGE area! (French had many fur forts) With the capture of the Ohio valley the British were able to travel up the St. Lawrence to Quebec!

11. 3. Capture of Quebec If the British successfully captured Quebec, it would be the end of French control in North America.

12. Louis-Joseph, Marquis de MontcalmLeader of the French army in Quebec • French forces heard that the British army was planning a surprise attack on Quebec City. • Montcalm was in charge of deciding what was best to do. Some of his men were 16km away where they had thought the British were going to attack. • Montcalm had to make the decision: • Should he keep his army within the fortified (protected) town of Quebec and wait for the British attack? • Should he send word to the men 16km away to attack the British from behind? • Should he attack immediately with the men he has on the Plains of Abraham?

13. Governor JamesWolfe British commander He tried for 3 months to capture Quebec but continuously failed. Because of their fighting strategies, the British were finally successful and managed to take over Quebec during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Wolfe’s army was successful because they were very disciplined and they knew how to fight in an open field rather than guerilla style which was what the French were used to.

14. Battle on the Plains of Abraham Guerilla warfare How are these two war styles different?

15. 7 Year War (in Europe) • England, PrussiaPortugal and German states fought against an alliance consisting of France, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Spain. • Over 1 million died

16. 7 Year War • Location: Europe, Africa, India, North America, South America, and the Philippine Islands. • It has been described as the first “world war.”

17. North America 1763:

18. British Military Rule • Who were the British and French Generals who died in the war? Who won the war? • Although the war ended in North America in 1760, it continued in other places of the world until 1763. • During those three years, who controlled North America?

19. The French speaking people, born in New France were called Canadiens. • They were different from the French people living in Europe. • The British government set up a temporary government. This period was known as the time of British Military Rule. Their ruling was not a harsh occupation. Although, Canadiens were a bit scared of being forced to sign an oath of allegiance with the British or being deported like the Acadians. What were some negative effects of British Military rule on the Canadiens?

20. The Treaty of Paris (Peace Treaty 1763) Results of the Treaty: • British began to pay for goods with coins. • The military courts began to use French civil law • They agreed that the French would not be deported. • The Roman Catholic religion was kept. • The Seigneurial system was also restored.

21. Choices the British had to make : • Deportation: Force the Canadiens to leave Quebec (what happened to the Acadians). • Maintain the status-quo: allow French to keep their system of doing things. • Isolation: Create seaparate territories for people to live on. • Assimilate: make the French and Natives British subjects by forcing their laws, customs, language, and religion on them. • Biculturalism: Allow British and French ways of doing things. What would you do? Discuss with a partner and come to an agreement about the BEST choice open to the British. Be ready to explain your choice to the class.

22. The Proclamation of 1763 Outline of what would be done in Quebec Major Aim: To make Quebec British What is assimilation? Do you think the goals of the Proclamation were successful?

23. Governor James Murray It was his job to enforce the rules of the Proclamation, but because the creators of the Proclamation were far away in Britain, he had a lot of freedom. As he lived with the Canadiens he grew to like and respect them. The British merchants wanted Murray to enforce the rules so that they could have political power and profits from the fur trade. This did not happen so they complained and Murray was replaced by a new governor: Guy Carleton.

24. Governor Guy Carleton > Became governor of Quebec in 1768. He realized also that British control of Quebec relied on the loyalty and support of the Canadiens. • To ensure their support Carleton made friends with the leaders of the Canadiens (seigneurs and clergy). > Carleton encouraged the British government to let the French people keep their laws and Catholic religion. > He rejected the policy of assimilation and hoped the two cultures could exist side by side (biculturalism). > These ideas were finally supported by the British government when they passed the Quebec Act in 1774.

25. The Quebec Act 1774 Aim: To allow the French and British way of doing things (Biculturalism)