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Growth Regulators in Fruit Production

Growth Regulators in Fruit Production. www.Hortilover.com. Plant Hormones. Organic substances produced in the plant Translocated within plant Evokes response at low concentration. Action of Hormones are Complex and Poorly Understood. Levels vary with plant tissue and developmental stage

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Growth Regulators in Fruit Production

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  1. Growth Regulators in Fruit Production www.Hortilover.com

  2. Plant Hormones • Organic substances produced in the plant • Translocated within plant • Evokes response at low concentration HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  3. Action of Hormones are Complex and Poorly Understood • Levels vary with plant tissue and developmental stage • Effective concentrations vary with plant tissue and developmental stage • Do not work alone - relative amounts of hormones are important HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  4. Effect of Applied Hormones Depend on • Species or cultivar • Organ acted upon • Timing of the spray • Concentration absorbed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  5. Effect of Applied Hormones Depend on • Species or cultivar • Parthenocarpic set in pears • Higher NAA needed to thin Golden Delicious vs. Red Delicious • Less vigorous cultivars respond to a greater degree than vigorous trees • Organ acted upon • Timing of the spray • Concentration absorbed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  6. Effect of Applied Hormones Depend on • Species or cultivar • Organ acted upon • NAA applied to young fruit cause fruit drop (10-50 ppm) • NAA applied to base of stem cause rooting (20-200 ppm) • Timing of the spray • Concentration absorbed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  7. Auxin Concentration Effect on Plant Growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  8. Effect of Applied Hormones Depend on • Species or cultivar • Organ acted upon • Timing of the spray • NAA applied to fruit (10 to 50 ppm) • 20 days after bloom cause fruit drop • 21 days before harvest prevent drop • Concentration absorbed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  9. Effect of Applied Hormones Depend on • Species or cultivar • Organ acted upon • Timing of the spray • Concentration absorbed • Concentration applied • Absorption • Environment: Temperature and Moisture • Plant cuticle • Surfactants • pH of water HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  10. Types of Hormones • Auxins • IBA, NAA, NAD, IAA, 2,4-D • Gibberellins • Cytokinins • BA, kinetin, zeatin, 2ip, TDZ • Ethylene • Ethrel, ethephon • Growth Retardants • SADH, PPP333, others HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  11. Auxins: • Types • IBA = indolebutyric acid • IAA = indoleacetic acid • NAA = naphthalene acetic acid • NAD = naphthalene acetamide • 2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid • Natural production • Effects • Examples of use HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  12. Auxins: • Types • Natural production • Growing shoots and young leaves • Developing embryos • Effects • Examples of use HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  13. Auxins: • Types • Natural production • Effects • Rate of cell enlargement • Inhibit bud growth • Stimulate cambial cell division • Abscission of fruit • Hasten ripening via ethylene production • Stimulate rooting • Examples of use HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  14. Auxins: • Types • Natural production • Effects • Examples of use • NAA or NAD @ 5-50 ppm for thinning • NAA to control preharvest drop • NAA @ 1000 ppm to control root sprouts • IBA @ 20-200 to stimulate the rooting of cuttings HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  15. Gibberellins: GA • Natural production • Very young leaves and embryos • Fruits • Roots • Effects • Stimulate cell elongation • Prevent flower initiation • Prevents abscission in young fruit • Break rest in buds and seeds • Examples of use HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  16. Gibberellins: • Natural production • Effects • Examples of use • Improve fruit shape in apple (with BA) • Grapes • Increase seedless set • Increase fruit and cluster size • Loosen clusters by pedicel elongation • Delay harvest in cherry • Reduce russetting on Golden Delicious HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  17. Cytokinins: • Types • BA = benzylamino purine • Kinetin = 6, furfurylamino purine • Zeatin • 2iP = 6-(,-dimethylallylamino) purine • TDZ = thidiazuron • Natural production • Effects • Examples of use HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  18. Cytokinins: • Natural production • Roots • Young fruits • Effects • Promote cell division • Regulate apical dominance • Promote branching • Enhance fruit bud initiation • Influence translocation • Prevent Abscission/senescence HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  19. Cytokinins: • Types • Natural production • Effects • Examples of Use • Promalin = BA + GA • Increasing branching in apple (100-200 ppm) • Increase fruit length in Red Delicious apple (25 ppm 10days before full bloom) • Induce shooting in tissue culture HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  20. Ethylene: • Types • Ethrel and ethephon • Ethylene producing compounds • Natural production • Maturing to ripening fruit • Injured tissue • Effects • Stimulates floral initiation • Promotes abscission • Increase respiration/maturation/coloring of fruit HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  21. Ethylene: Examples of Use • Increase return bloom • 100-1000 ppm @ early summer • With NAD, thinning and return bloom • 20-200 ppm @ 4-8 weeks after bloom • Delay bloom with sweet cherry • Sept. application • Advance maturity in apple • 250-500 ppm 1-2 weeks before harvest • Induce abscission in apple, cranberry, grapes, nuts • 500-1000 ppm 10 days before harvest HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  22. Growth Retardants • Alar = SADH = daminozide • Used extensively in apple production • Prevent preharvest drop • Improve color and quality • Control growth • Increase set • Taken off market by EPA in 1985 • Gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors • PPP333 = Cultar = Bonzai • Not registered in USA for fruit production HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

  23. Common uses of Growth Regulators HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production DAFB=days after full bloom, BH=before harvest, FB=full bloom

  24. Any Questions about the use of PGR in fruit production?

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