Building water security in the cities of the MENA Region

1. Building water security in the cities of the MENA Region Promoting Integrated Urban Water Management to providesustainable water and sanitation services in cities Dr. Akiça Bahri GWOPA-UN-Habitat Workshop Sunday 3 March 2019 Amman, Jordan

2. OUTLINE • Introduction • Urban water challenges in Mena region • Region’s water solutions • Emerging opportunities • Conclusion

3. WATER CHALLENGES IN URBAN MENA REGION

4. Water security under threat in urban areas Groundwater depletion Climate change Migration Inadequate planning Pollution Population growth Droughts and floods Competing demand for resources

5. MENA - a global hotspot of unsustainable water use • Most water scarce region in the world and the least prepared for water crises • Greatest expected economic losses from climate-related water scarcity: estimated at 6–14% of GDP by 2050 • Cost of poor water quality (waterborne diseases, loss of ecosystem services and fisheries) in the region ranges from 0.5-2.5% of GDP/yr(World Bank, 2007) • Very low water service fees and highest effective water subsidies in the world (2% of GDP spent on public water subsidies) • Total water productivity in MENA only about 50% of the world’s average • In 2016, 46.7% of the desalination world capacity • Cost of inadequate water supply and sanitation: about 1% of regional GDP annually, with conflict-affected countries losing as much as 2–4%/yr Source: World Bank, 2018

7. Urban water management challenges Source: CSIRO

8. Share of treated wastewater reused in irrigation vs not recycled • 57% collected wastewater untreated • 25% treated and unused • 18% treated and reused in irrigation • Proper WW collection and treatment missed in most rural areas and some of urban areas • About 37 million suffering the lack of improved sanitation (The World Bank, 2015) • Insufficient sanitation infrastructure led to: • surface and groundwater contamination • negative impacts on the environment and public health • adverse socio-economic and environmental problems (Yamouri, 2010) 82% not recycled Source: World Bank, 2018

9. De facto and indirect potable reuse are well established practices Source: Asano, 2010 Degree of wastewater content in Swiss streams (based on dry weather flow, Q347) (Abegglenand Siegrist, 2012)

10. REGION’S WATER SOLUTIONS

11. BLENDING AND TRANSFER OF RW FROM 4 WWTPs 250 000 m3/d 35 000 m3/d to BorjTouil Water reuse for variouspurposes Case of the WWT complex of Tunis North, Tunisia 4 WWTPs – SecondaryRW • Multiple uses: • Agricultural irrigation • Irrigation of golf courses • Public green spaces • Tree nursery

12. Irrigation of food and ornemental crops in Kuwait • Start-up in 2004, 375,000 m3/d, UF/RO (<2.2TC/100 mL), irrigation of 1,680 ha, 2 reservoirs of 170,000 m3, Capex US$ 442 million or $0.78/m3, charge for farmers $0.15/m3(Alhumoud et al., 2010) SulaibiyaSecondary Effluent Purified water UF RO

13. Greywater reuse and rainwater harvesting in peri-urban agriculture in La Soukra, Tunisia

14. Evolution of the water management strategy of the Djerba island to address water scarcity and degradation of water quality 1970 - 1980 2018 1999 1985

16. Water Resources of Djerba Island

18. EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES

19. United Nations SustainableDevelopment Goals Agenda 2030 17 objectives and 169 targets

21. Urban and Basin Management - Cities as Water Supply Catchments Water transfers and virtual water flow Return water flow Groundwater (Adapted from Falkenmark, 2002)

22. Urban Water Management Transitions Framework Source: Brown et al. (2008)

23. Influence of Water Sensitive Urban Design on the Urban Water Cycle Source: Hoban & Wong (2006)

24. Diversifying water portfolios Greywater reuse Private Boreholes New Conventional Sources Leakage Mgt. Stormwater capture Existing Water Sources Desalination Water Demand Mgt. Conventional Approach Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3 IUWM Approach Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3 Source: Adapted from Vairavamoorthy, 2014

25. Quality change and multiple uses of water One water market Water Market Wastewater Market Water quality Drinking water Potable standards Surface/Ground water Domestic & Industrial Water treatment/ Desalination Reuse standards Raw/Sea water Discharge standards Wastewater treatment Water source to use Source: Asano, 2001

26. ONE WATER APPROACH

27. City-Wide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) End-use/ Disposal Containment Conveyance Treatment Emptying More connections, including for poor customers Expand and improve sewerage systems Increase resource recovery – energy, water, nutrients Condominial, simplified or conventional sewerage WC Sewerage network Pumping stations Sewage treatment works End-use/ Disposal Viable and affordablefecal sludge management • Improved toilets at scale • Sanitation for slum tenants • Sanitation for challenging environments Non-networked Systems Treatment plant Latrineor septic tank Vacuum truck End-use/ disposal Primary emptying Transfer Container Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ disposal Safely covered and replaced in new location Source: Eawag, 2019

28. Capacity to deliver CWIS End-use/ Disposal Containment Conveyance Treatment Emptying Conventional engineering capacity CWIS Capacity More connections, including for poor customers Increase resource recovery – energy, water, nutrients Expand and improve sewerage systems Condominial, simplified or conventional sewerage The Capacity Gap WC Sewerage network Pumping stations Sewage treatment works End-use/ Disposal Viable and affordablefecal sludge management • Improved toilets at scale • Sanitation for slum tenants • Sanitation for challenging environments ? Non-networked Systems Treatment plant Latrineor septic tank Vacuum truck End-use/ disposal Primary emptying Transfer Container Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ disposal Safely covered and replaced in new location Source: Eawag, 2019

29. The Reinvented Toilet Revolution Nanomembranetoilet – University of Cranfield

31. Sustainable Urban Water Technologies and Practices Water Reuse Water Conservation Desalination Metropolitan Area Water Utility Urban Planning Regional/Basin WR Management Watershed Management Solid wastes Coastal Waters Env. Amenities Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant Sust. Drainage Storm Water Clean Water Raw Water Surface and/or Groundwater Source: AdaptedfromBrowder, 2011

33. Partnerships

34. Governance and incentives to seize emerging opportunities in water resources management and water services delivery and to mitigate water-related risks Source: World Bank, 2018

35. Conclusions Need to consider, debate and implement a broader range of tools, technologies, and policies Need innovative thinking and alternative water solutions to introduce flexibility and increase resilience of water systems to global change pressures: policies that create incentives for water conservation and water use efficiency, including fees, pricing, etc. as well as water reuse, reallocation of water from rural to urban users and from agriculture to industry Need a governance that will promote reforms, as well as new technologies and business models Need to engage in policy, work with practitioners, facilitate capacity development Need integration – across disciplines and scales for innovation Need systems thinking, planning and implementation to achieve sustainable and resilient solutions

36. Thank you!