Cell Energy PPT Chapter 9

1. Cell Energy PPT Chapter 9 Pages 220 - 243

2. In Pg. 30 – Yes we skipped pages 28 & 29 • What are 3 goals for second Semester? • Answer in Blue: • What are 3 goals for 3rd Quarter? • Answer in Blue:

3. Do it Now Pg. 30E.12.A.5 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12A5.htm A hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere had a northward direction of motion. Due to the Coriolis Effect, the hurricane ended up • south of the direction it was traveling. • north of the direction it was traveling. • west of the direction it was traveling. • east of the direction it was traveling.

4. Earth ScienceE.12.A.5 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12A5.htm A hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere had a northward direction of motion. Due to the Coriolis Effect, the hurricane ended up • south of the direction it was traveling. • north of the direction it was traveling. • west of the direction it was traveling. • east of the direction it was traveling.

5. Ch. 9 Title Page – Pg. 31 • Draw a picture in each corner – top corners to represent cell respiration, Bottom corners to represent photosynthesis. (look stuff up in the book) • Define the words Autotroph and Heterotroph. • Draw figure 9.2 – formation and breakdown of ATP • Draw figure 9.5 – Light dependent reactions. • Use the inside story to draw out the Calvin Cycle. • Use the inside story to draw out the Citric Acid Cycle. • Draw a picture of your best tree, leaf and Chloroplast. • Draw a picture of your best cow, stomach and Mitochondria. • Label the tree leaf and chloroplast – Autotroph • Label the cow, stomach and Mitochondria – Heterotroph.

6. Do it again – Pg. 30E.12.B.1 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B1.htm The force that dominates the formation of a star is • pressure. • magnetism. • gravity. • electricity. 

7. Earth ScienceE.12.B.1 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B1.htm The force that dominates the formation of a star is • pressure. • magnetism. • gravity. • electricity. 

8. Out Pg. 30 • What is the difference between a Heterotroph and an autotroph? • Answer in blue:

9. In Pg. 32 • Look in Chapter 9 Pg. 221 – Yes get a book • What does ATP do? • Answer in Blue, Black or Pencil.

10. Do it now Pg. 32E.12.B.2 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B2.htm Elements such as helium and iron are created • through nuclear fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made in supernova shockwaves. • in supernova shockwaves, while elements heavier than iron are created through nuclear fusion in stars. • by chemical reactions in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made through nuclear reactions. • by nuclear reactions in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made through chemical reactions.

11. Earth ScienceE.12.B.2 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B2.htm Elements such as helium and iron are created • through nuclear fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made in supernova shockwaves. • in supernova shockwaves, while elements heavier than iron are created through nuclear fusion in stars. • by chemical reactions in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made through nuclear reactions. • by nuclear reactions in stars, while elements heavier than iron are made through chemical reactions.

12. Notes Pg. 33 Cornell Style • Cornell Style • Questions in Red – Left hand column • Answers in Blue, Black or Pencil right hand column • 5 sentence summary in Green • 75 points for all of this being completed each day of notes!

13. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

14. Why is energy in cells important? • All living organisms need energy • Energy is needed for cell processes • Active transport • Cell division • Movement • Protein production & storage • Cells use a form of energy called ATP • Adenosine triphosphate

15. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between the adenosine and the phosphate groups.

16. What is the Chemical Structure of ATP? Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

17. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU withENERGY!

18. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

19. What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) H2O

20. How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! ATPase

21. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase

22. What is The ADP-ATP Cycle? ATP Synthetase ATP-ase

23. When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

24. What is Cellular Respiration? • Includes pathways that require oxygen • Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced • Glucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reaction • Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

25. What is the Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

26. What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration? • An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX Reaction • Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6) • Reduction  O2  to  H2O (e- passed to O2)

27. What Carries the Electrons? • NAD+(nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier • NAD+ is a coenzyme • It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion

28. Are There Any Other Electron Carriers? • YES! Another Coenzyme! • FAD+(Flavin adenine dinucleotide) • Reduced to FADH2

29. Other Cellular Respiration Facts • Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates • Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O • Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules

30. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? • Glycolysis • The Krebs Cycle • The Electron Transport Chain

31. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Takeplace in the Mitochondria

32. What is the Mitochondria Structure? • Smooth outer Membrane • Folded inner membrane • Folds called Cristae • Space inside cristae called the Matrix

33. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix

34. Glycolysis Summary Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Requires input of 2 ATP Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

35. Glycolysis Summary • Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP • Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

36. Glycolysis Diagram

37. What is Fermentation? • Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic) • Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) • Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) • Nets only 2 ATP

38. A Little Krebs Cycle History • Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 • He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery • Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

39. A Little Krebs Cycle History • Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish • Went to England to conclude his research.

40. Krebs Cycle Summary • Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) • Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle • Turns twice per glucose molecule • Produces two ATP • Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

41. Krebs Cycle Summary • Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2 • Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

42. Krebs Cycle ATP NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

43. Electron Transport Chain Summary • 34 ATP Produced • H2O Produced • Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane • Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose • NADH = 3 ATP’s • FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

44. Summary • Do your Summary now – 5 sentences in Green

45. Do it again Pg. 32 E.12.B.2 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B2.htm The rate of fusion of high-mass stars greatly exceeds that of low-mass stars. A result is that high-mass stars • consume hydrogen much more slowly than low-mass stars. • spend less time on the main sequence than low-mass stars. • convert less of their matter into energy than low-mass stars. • switch to fission reactions much sooner than low-mass stars.

46. Earth ScienceE.12.B.2 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B2.htm The rate of fusion of high-mass stars greatly exceeds that of low-mass stars. A result is that high-mass stars • consume hydrogen much more slowly than low-mass stars. • spend less time on the main sequence than low-mass stars. • convert less of their matter into energy than low-mass stars. • switch to fission reactions much sooner than low-mass stars.

47. Out Pg. 32 • How many ATP’s were produced in electron transport? How many ATP’s are produced overall in respiration? • Answer in Blue, Black or Pencil.

48. In Pg. 34

49. Do it now Pg. 34E.12.B.3 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B3.htm Why are some telescopes placed in space above Earth’s atmosphere? • Having the telescope above the atmosphere puts it closer to the object for better magnification. • Having the telescope above the atmosphere puts it closer to the object for better sound detection. • Some of the electromagnetic radiation from stars is absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. • Some of the light being sent out from telescopes can be blocked by Earth’s atmosphere.

50. Earth ScienceE.12.B.3 http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B3.htm Why are some telescopes placed in space above Earth’s atmosphere? • Having the telescope above the atmosphere puts it closer to the object for better magnification. • Having the telescope above the atmosphere puts it closer to the object for better sound detection. • Some of the electromagnetic radiation from stars is absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. • Some of the light being sent out from telescopes can be blocked by Earth’s atmosphere.