Lymphatic Medical Terminology

1. Lymphatic Medical Terminology Chapter 6

2. Medical Specialities • Allergist – Specialized in diagnosing and treating allergies • Immunologist- specializes in the study, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the immune system • Oncologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders like tumors and cancers.

3. 3 Functions of the Lymphatic System • Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the cells • Return cellular waste products and excess fluid from tissues to the circulatory system • Serve as an important part of immune system

4. Structure of Lymphatic system • Lymph fluid • Intercellular fluid- aka interstitial fluid • Plasma that flows out of capillaries of circulatory system into spaces between cells • Carries food, O2 and hormones to cells • Lymph fluid or lymph is intercellular fluid as it returns to the veins. Removes waste products from cells in the lymph nodes

5. Lymph vessels • Lymph capillaries- microscopic tubes just under skin that carry lymph from tissues to larger vessels • Have valves-lymph always flows toward thoracic cavity • Lacteals are in sm intestines. Absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins & carries them to blood stream

6. Lymph nodes-small bean-shaped structures in lymph vessels that produce lymphocytes and filter lymph to remove harmful substances like bacteria, viruses and malignant cells • Indicate disease if swollen

7. Tonsils- masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat

8. Veriform Appendix- lymphatic tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the large intestine. Protects against entry of invaders through digestive system. • Peyer’s patches- small bundles of lymphatic tissue on walls of small intestine

9. Spleen- saclike mass of lymphatic tissue in LUQ below diaphragm and behind stomach • Filters microorganisms and foreign material from blood • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Is hemolytic- destroys worn-out blood cells • Stores extra erythrocytes and keeps balance between rbc’s and plasma

10. Thymus-located above heart • Works in endocrine & immune system

11. Pathology and diagnostic procedures • Lymphadenitis- aka swollen glands • Inflammation of lymph nodes • Lymphadenopathy (lim-fad-eh-NOP-athy) • Any disease process involving enlargement of lymph nodes • Lymphaden/o- lymph node

12. Lymphangiogram- (lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram) • Radiographic study of lymphatic vessels and nodes with use of contrast medium • Lymphangi/o- lymph vessel • Lymphangioma- (lim-fan-jee-OH-ma) • A benign abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass

13. Lymphedema- (lim-feh-DEE-mah) • Abnormal accumulation of lymph causing swelling in arms or legs • May be primary-genetic disorder • May be secondary- caused by removal of lymph nodes

14. Splenomegaly- enlargement of the spleen • Splen-spleen • Splenorrhagia- bleeding from spleen

15. Functions and structure of the immune system • To protect the body from harmful substances including pathogens, allergens, toxins and malignant cells. • Lymphatic system & bone marrow, thymus, skin & adenoids.

16. First defense • Intact skin is a barrier to bacteria- no cuts or scrapes • Respiratory system traps matter with hairs and mucous membranes. We cough or sneeze them out. • Digestive system-acids destroy invaders • Lymphatic system- filters out

17. Immune response • Antigen (AN-tih-jen) - any substance like a virus, bacteria, toxin or tissue that the body regards as foreign. Stimulates an immune response • Antibody- a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

18. Antigen-Antibody reaction • Ag and Ab bind together so wbc will recognize and attack.

19. Specialized cells • Lymphocytes- WBC’s that specialize to attack specific microorganisms • Formed in bone marrow as stem cells then mature in lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissue • Important classes are B cells and T cells

20. B cells • Make only one antibody for a specific bacteria or virus • Immunoglobulin (im-you-noh-GLOB-you-lin) • Aka antibody secreted by B cell • Immunoglobulin M- 1st one body makes • Immunoglobulin G- most common type formed the 2nd time body is exposed to same thing • Immunoglobulin A– Major antibody for defense of mucous membranes

21. Immunoglobulin E- defense against allergens- causes acute allergic rxns • Immunoglobulin D found in small amounts, we think it helps B cells differentiate.

22. T Cells • Contribute coordination of immune defense or kill infected cells • Interferon-made by T cell; is a protein released by cells when invaded by virus. Causes cells to form antiviral protein

23. Macrophage- type of phagocyte that ingests invading cells

24. Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures • Allergy- aka hypersensitivity- overreaction by the body to an antigen • Occurs when immune system reacts to a harmless allergen like pollen, food or animal dander as if it were dangerous

25. Systemic reaction- aka anaphylaxis • Severe response to foreign substance like drug, food, insect bite or chemical • Symptoms include swelling, blocking of air passages and drop in blood pressure. • Patient may die within minutes • Scratch test- test to diagnose allergens

26. Autoimmune disorders • Immune system directs T cells against body’s own tissues • May be genetic • 75% occur most frequently in women of childbearing years

27. Crohn’s disease- affects intestines • Diabetes mellitus, type 1- affects insulin producing pancreas cells • Graves’ disease- affects Thyroid gland • Lupus erythematosus- affects skin and other systems • Multiple sclerosis- affects brain and spinal cord • Psoriasis- affects skin

28. -------- Lupus Crohn’s disease Psoriasis Multiple Sclerosis Graves’ disease

29. ELISA- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay • Blood test to screen for HIV antibodies • Confirmed by a Western blot test ELISA

30. Treatment • Immunotherapy- treatment of disease by enhancing or repressing immune system • Antibody therapy- uses artificial antibodies to treat disease • Immunosuppression- treatment used to interfere with the ability of immune system to respond to antigens • Cytotoxic drug- kills or damages cells

31. Types of pathogens • Bacteria • Bacilli-rod shaped spore forming bacteria. (Ex: tetanus and tuberculosis) • Rickettsia-a small bacterium that lives in fleas, lice, ticks and mites (Rocky Mountain spotted fever transmitted by ticks)

32. Spirochetes- spiral shaped bacteria with flexible walls capable of movement (lyme disease- transmitted by ticks) • Staphylococci (staf-ih-loh-KOCK-sigh) bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters (bacterial pneumonia) • Streptococci- bacteria that form a chain (strep throat)

33. Parasites • A plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism and hurts that organism • Malaria is a parasite that comes from certain mosquitoes

34. Viruses • Small infectious agents that live only by invading cells • Chicken pox- highly contagious, causes fever and pustules • Caused by Varicella zoster

35. Herpes zoster- aka shingles • Has painful skin eruptions that start with an inflamed nerve • Caused by the chickenpox virus that remains dormant in a nerve and is reactivated years later

36. Infectious mononucleosis • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus • Has fever, repeated sore throats and enlarged lymph nodes • Rabies • Transmitted to humans from infected animals

37. Rubella-aka 3 day measles • Characterized by fever and a diffuse, fine red rash • Causes abnormalities in unborn fetus if mother has during early pregnancy

38. Medications • Antibiotic- chemical that can slow growth or kill bacteria • Antiviral- treats viral infections or provides temporary immunity

39. Oncology • The study of the prevention, causes and treatment of tumors and cancer. • Tumor- new and abnormal tissue formation

40. Benign- not recurring or malignant • Can cause problems by putting pressure on adjacent structures • +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

41. Malignant- harmful, tending to spread, becoming worse and life threatening. Can spread to distant body sites • Metastasis- a new cancer site that results from the spreading process. May be in the same body system or in another body system farther away

42. Carcinoma- a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue • Epithelial tissue covers internal and external surfaces of body • Can infiltrate and produce metastases

43. Sarcoma- a malignant tumor that comes from connective tissue. • Can affect bones, bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, and spleen

44. Lymphoma- malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system • Hodgkin’s lymphoma- Reed-Sternberg cells are present

45. Breast Cancer • Malignant tumor that develops from cells of the breast and may spread to adjacent lymph nodes • Invasive ductal carcinoma- starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of the duct and invades the fatty breast tissue. Majority of breast cancers.

46. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

47. Staging of Breast Cancer • Stage 1- cancer is less than 2 cm and has not spread • Stage 2- any of the following are true • Cancer is less than 2 cm but has spread to axillary lymph nodes • Cancer is between 2-5 cm and may or may not have spread lymph nodes • Cancer is larger than 5 cm but has not spread to lymph nodes

48. Stage 3- one of the following is true • Cancer is <5 cm and has spread to axillary lymph nodes and the lymph nodes are attached to each other or other structures • Cancer is >5 cm and has spread to axillary lymph nodes

49. Stage 4 • Cancer has spread to other organs of the body. Usually bones, lungs, liver or brain

50. Treatment • Surgery- removal of the malignant tumor and some surrounding tissue • Chemotherapy- use of chemical agents and drugs to destroy malignant cells • Radiation Therapy- uses x-rays to kill cancer cells and not target healthy cells • Brachytherapy- uses radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated