Chapter 28

1. Chapter 28 Kennedy and Johnson

2. Chapters 28-32 – 1960’s • Kennedy and Johnson Years • Civil Rights Movement and Social Issues • Vietnam War

3. 1960 • Kennedy wins election over Nixon because . . . • Great in TV debates – launched TV age of Politics • Civil Rights Issues

4. Domestic Agenda for Kennedy • Start of “Camelot” in 1961. • Domestic agenda was called the New Frontier – Use deficit spending; lower taxes, higher minimum wage, unemployment insurance.

5. Flexible Response • JFK’s foreign policy – have a number of options in case of international crisis.

6. Events of 1961 • March – Set up Peace Corp and Alliance for Progress. • April – Soviet Yuri Gagarin is 1st human in space; circled earth in 108 minutes. • April 17th – Bay of Pigs • August – Berlin Wall built.

7. Bay of Pigs • CIA had trained Cuban exiles for invasion of Cuba. Air strikes failed to knock out Cuban Air Force. 20,000 Cubans waiting for 1400 exiles. (200 were killed) • Biggest disaster of Kennedy Presidency; fired 3 in charge. • Paid $53 million in food and medical supplies in ransom to free commandos after 20 months of discussions.

8. Berlin Wall • Aggravated Cold War tensions, and became symbol of Communism.

9. John Glenn • First American to circle the earth. (3 times)

10. 24th Amendment • Passed in 1962 by Congress to eliminate the Poll Tax.

11. Cuban Missile Crisis • Lasted for 13 days in October of 1962. • Soviets had missiles in Cuba to answer our missiles in Turkey. • JFK called for a quarantine, blockade was considered and act of war, of ships coming to Cuba. • Khrushchev says he will remove missiles if the U.S. end quarantine. • We took missiles out of Turkey months later.

12. 1963 • “Hot Line” was est between JFK and Khrushchev to discuss crisis. • 1: "Hot line" The US-USSR hot line provided for a two-way telegraphic link routed via Washington-London-Copenhagen-Stockholm-Helsinki- Moscow, to be used for transmission of messages; and a stand-by radio link routed Washington-Tangier-Moscow. Both the telegraphic and radio links would be open 24 hours a day. • Limited Test Ban Treaty – ended the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere and underwater. • JFK called for a “national assault on poverty”. • Presented a civil rights bill and proposed a tax cut.

13. November 22, 1963 • Kennedy assassinated by Oswald in Dallas. • Oswald is then killed by Jack Ruby on the 24th. • Lyndon Johnson takes over as President.

15. Warren Commission • Headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren. • Declared, after months of investigating, that Oswald acted alone in shooting.

16. 1964 • LBJ asked for tax reduction bill of $11 Billion. • Civil Rights Act– Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. • August Congress enacted the Economic Opportunity Act – which gave $1 Billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans, and job training. • November – LBJ defeats Goldwater for President by getting 90% of electoral votes. Starts his Great Society.

18. Great Society • LBJ’s domestic program. • 207 measures to end poverty and racial injustice • Largest reform agenda since the New Deal.

19. Poverty • Medicare – national health insurance program for people over age of 65. • Medicaid – government program that provides free health care to the needy.

20. Cities • 1965 – Formed the Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD) to administer federal housing programs, and appoints Robert Weaveras 1st African American to cabinet.

21. Education and Discrimination • 1965 – Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided for aid to states based on number of children from low-income homes. Higher Education Act funded scholarships and low interest rates loans for college students. • 1965 – Immigration Act.

22. Environment and Consumer • 1965 – Water Quality Actrequired states to clean up their rivers. Clean Air Actestablished emissions standards for new vehicles. • 1966 – Truth in Packaging Actset standards for labeling consumer products. Department of Transportationwas created to deal with national air, rail, and highway transportation.

23. Warren Court Reforms • Reapportionment- was to create minority majority districts to increase minority chances of winning elections. • Boynton v. VA – banned segregation on interstate buses. • Mapp v. Ohio – evidence seized illegally could not be used in a trial. • Gideon v. Wainright – if you have no attorney, one will be appointed for you. • Miranda v. Arizona– suspects must be read their rights before questioning.

24. Chapter 29 Civil Rights

25. Leaders What they had to deal with? Their tactics/how they got their message out? SCLC SNCC CORE Nation of Islam Black Power Black Panther Party Civil Rights Work

26. Civil Rights Groups • NAACP– it was interracial; wanted to secure legal equality, and used peaceful confrontation. • CORE – Bring about change through peaceful confrontation. James Farmer was the director. • SCLC – Founded by MLK, and other African American clergy. Used nonviolent protest. • SNCC – away from church leaders. It started in NC, and wanted immediate change rather than gradual. Moses was most influential leader.

27. Struggles • Used sit-ins – being arrested was the “badge of honor”. • Freedom riders– led to attack in Birmingham. Government sent in Federal Marshals and sue those who didn’t comply. • 1962 – James Meredithbecame the 1st African American to take classes at University of Miss. He was escorted to class by troops. • April of 1963 – MLK planned boycotts of stores in Birmingham. Police Commissioner Conner had most of them arrested including 900 kids. He used firehouses and beatdowns.

29. March on Washington • August 1963 – Directed by Randolph. It wanted to focus national attention on Civil Rights Act. MLK makes his “I have a dream” speech.

30. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Look back in notes…may already have this! • But we have…. • De facto segregation – based on customs or policies. • De jure segregation – based on law.

31. Other Civil Rights Events of ‘64 • Civil Rights Act is passed and creates the EEOCto investigate charges of job discrimination. • Freedom Summer– organized voter registration drive in MS. • Selma March – In protest of not allowing blacks the right to vote in AL. • *Both were big because TV showed these struggles for the first time.

33. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • 1965– Also eliminated literacy test and other barriers after the 24th Amendment.

34. People of Civil Rights Movement • James Baldwin wrote The Fire Next Timeto describe African American suffering and oppression. • Malcolm X – from Omaha. Joined the Nation of Islam while in prison. Viewed white society as oppressive, and rejected the ideas of integration. He has change of heart after pilgrimage to Mecca. Adopted the slogan “ballots or bullets”. Spoke on black nationalism. He was killed in February of 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam. • Carmichael comes up with idea of black power. He doesn’t head warnings from MLK that it will lead to violence. • Huey Newton helps to found the Black Panthers.

36. Events of 1968 • April 3, 1968 – MLK is assassinated in Memphis. • August – Bobby Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan while running for Pres.

38. Chapter 31 Women’s Rights Movement

39. Leaders • Betty Friedan: wrote The Feminine Mystique, women started reexamining their lives. • Gloria Steinem – became editor of Ms. Magazine.

40. Change for Women • Equal Pay Act – made it illegal for employers to pay female workers less than male workers for the same job;limited impact on 2/3 of women workers. • NOW – Lobbied elected officials to ensure social and economic equality for women.

41. Why? • “Boys went to Jupiter to get stupider, and Girls went to Mars to become Superstars” Ryan Henry circa 2017

42. Chapter 30 War in Vietnam

43. Vietnam Years - Background • WWII – 1954: Vietnam was controlled by France. • Ho Chi Minhled independence movement after WWII, but the U.S. did not favor him because he was Communist. • 1954 – Vietnamese overran French outpost at DienBien Phu, and the French began to pull out.

44. Geneva Accords • Temporarily divided at 17th parallel; France controlled the south. • Ho Chi Minh became the leader of the North with the capital at Hanoi. • Ngo Diemis leader of the South with the capital at Saigon. He was very unpopular, and was very authoritarian.

45. U.S. Involvement • We did not want Communism to win. Why we got in war. • Diem was Catholic that practiced religious intolerance, and imprisoned criticizers and appointed family members to the government. • Ngo Diem is assassinated in Nov. 1963 in a coup. • Kennedy is ready to withdraw before he is killed. • U.S. had to deal with Vietcong, rebel forces that did not support South’s gov’t who were supported by Ho Chi Minh

46. Johnson and the War • Says “I will not lose Vietnam”. Wants to be strong against Communism. • He gets us involved with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, gave the Johnson authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any attack against forces of the U.S.”, which was based on an attack that didn’t occur.

48. Key People • McNamara – Secretary of Defense for Johnson. • Rusk – Secretary of State for Johnson. • Westmoreland – Commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. • Nguyen Thieu –new President of South Vietnam that is also not liked.

50. Fighting Tactics • Vietcong used hit and run and ambush tactics. They also built an elaborate tunnel system. • Vietcong used booby traps like animal snares and land mines. • Used Ho Chi Minh Trail. • Vietcong had no intentions of quitting no matter the death count.