Unit 5: Agriculture

1. Unit 5: Agriculture By: Jonah Johnson TimmyGrand High Poobah Daniel Savage McJimothy Spencer Hafen

2. What is Agriculture? • The textbook defines Agriculture as the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plans and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. • The textbook is clearly a sacred source of information, revered by all.

3. Agricultural Revolutions • Neolithic Agricultural Revolution • Second Agricultural Revolution • The Green Revolution • Also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution • The most innovative name in history

4. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution • The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the transition of people converting from a Hunting and Gathering society to one that is Agrarian and settles in one place for a long period of time.

5. Agricultural Hearths • Southwest Asia • Thought to have domesticated barley and wheat • Domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and dogs • Yangtze River (China) • Rice • Yellow River • Millet • Central Africa • Sorghum and Yams • Mexico • Beans and Cotton

6. Agricultural Hearths Cont. • Peru • Potatoes • Domesticated llamas • South-Eastern United States • Squash

7. Diffusion of Agrarian Practices • Due to Agriculture developing in multiple hearths it follows different diffusion paths. • Central America • Diffused North into present day U.S. and Canada • Diffused south along the West Coast of South America. • Central Africa • Diffused in all sorts of directions. • Diffused north into present day Egypt • South-Western Asia • Diffused along the Mediterranean Sea into Africa and Europe • Eastern Asia • Diffused throughout China

8. Second Agricultural Revolution • The Second Agricultural Revolution was the introduction of machinery and large labour forces into the growing and gathering process. • It changed crop rotation systems • Made technological innovations • Was along side the Industrial Revolution

9. Evolution of Crop Rotation Systems • Crop Rotation can be explained with a set of fields • Each field was designated a specific crop • Each crop could only be planted at certain times in the year • Farmers had to rotate fields for farming • The oldest crop rotation was the two-field crop rotation developed in Northern Europe sometime in the fifth century • During the Second Agricultural Revolution a four-field crop rotation was introduced

10. Four-Field System • The four fields are labeled A, B, C, and D • Field A • Used to grow a root crop such as turnips • Field B • Used to grow rest crops such as clovers • Rest Crops are used to restore the land • Field C • Field C grows Cereals such as wheat or barley • Field D • And another root field for D

11. Technological Innovations • The Second Agricultural Revolution introduced many technological advances • Tractors • Combines • Corn Pickers • Planters

12. Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution • The introduction of machinery made farming much easier • More people moved into the city which, in turn, lowered the labour force • Four-Field System • Larger Population which means more food is needed • Less land is able to be used for farming

13. The Green Revolution • Two Main Practices • Introduction of new higher-yield seeds • Many benefits • In contrast, many drawbacks • Currently taking place in • South Asia • Indonesia • Africa

14. Benefits of the Green Revolution • The Miracle Wheat Seed • A wheat seed that grows faster • Efficient Fertilizers • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Potassium • Pesticides • Kills bugs that can ruin the crops

15. Drawbacks of the Green Revolution • Unnatural crops • Most (if not all) of our food is genetically modified in one way or another • Pests and Weeds can develop immunities to Pesticides • If a pesticide is used repeatedly for too long the thing you are trying to kill becomes immune • Very expensive • Overuse of fertilizer • Land use makes it so that we need to use more fertilizer to sustain the crops

16. The Green Revolution in South Asia • Due to the Green Revolution farmers in South Asia had a huge increase in wheat production • When the miracle seed was introduced India had a surplus of wheat to export all over the world • South Asia’s population increased greatly

17. Green Revolution in Africa • The main point is that Africa needs the Green Revolution • It produces a plethora of food • It generates a much higher income for the countries involved • It creates jobs • The Green Revolution could potentially solve a lot of Africa’s problems • Hunger • Economy

18. Modern Commercial Agriculture • Biotechnology • GMOs are more common now due to Biotechnology • Spatial Organization • Technology • Seeds • Pesticides • Fertilizers • Irrigation Systems • Globalization • Spreading agricultural ideas around the world at a much quicker pace

19. Modern Commercial Agriculture • Environmental Impacts • Deforestation • Desertification • Soil Erosion • Water Quality • Transportation • Fossil Fuel Consumption • Fishery Depletion • Aquaculture

20. Spencer and Jonah had nothing to do with the following section.

21. Timmy McJimothy’s Section WARNING: The following section may contain Comic Sans MS and similar atrocities. Eyes may bleed for parts. We apologize for any inconvenience. We would also like to condone the use of the fonts representing the various types of agriculture that occur in LDCs. In addition, I would like to inform you that any use of Comic Sans MS will result in shanking/bludgeoning. Thank you, and good luck. They’re all dead.

22. Types of Agriculture • Will be represented by Comic Sans, an abomination upon existence • More common in LDCs • To provide food for survival of the farmer by consumption • More work per unit of land • Less Yield per unit of land • Minimal Technology • Will be represented by Times New Roman, the only true font • Prevalent in MDCs • Crops are grown for sale, to profit the farmer • Hundreds of acres are worked by only a few farmers • High Yields • Extensive use of technology Subsistence Commercial

23. MoarComic Sans vs. Times New Roman • Smaller Farms • About 50% of labor force are farmers • Minimal relationship to other buisinesses • Gramerr are hard • Sprawling Farms • About 5% of the labor force are farmers • In North America it gets as low as 2% • Now make fun of Europe • Agribusiness dominates commercial agriculture • Does not everyone not appreciate a lack of double negatives Subsistence Sans Times New Commercial

24. Types of Types - Typeception • Do not go to 4chan!. • Types • Shifting Cultivation • Pastoral Nomadism • Intensive Subsistence Agriculture • Plantation Farmin’ • The authors of this presentation Daniel supports Reddit, but does not condone use of the calamity known as Pinterest. • Types • Mixed Crop and Livestock • Dairy • Grain • Livestock Ranching • Mediterranian Agriculture • Horticulture Imma go troll 4chan (this is similar to peeing in the ocean) Pintrest has been described as “a watered-down Reddit for girls”

25. Humid Low- Latitude • Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris • Each swidden- a portion of land used for shifting cultivation- is used for only 3 or less years and left fallow for much longer • ~25% of world’s land area|~5% of the world people • Is inefficient, but relatively sustainable • Central America has a lot of this Move to new area Area Designated Farm until soil no longer fertile Plant by hand Shifting Cultivation Remove Vegetation Clear growth by hand and burning

26. Pastoral Nomadism • A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals • In arid areas of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and North Africa • Common in dry climates because there is lots of unused land • Do not kill anmimals • Often choose sheep, camels, goats, or Horses in Central Asia • Various methods of obtaining grains • Territorial; will war over land • Practice transhumance, which should have been discussed by Ian and Jacob • Are hard to govern, so they are disliked

27. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture • Requires a large amount of work • Is practiced primarily in East, South, and Southeast Asia • Wet rice dominant • Sawah- the flooded field in which rice is grown • Double Cropping- occurs in places with warm winters, like China and Taiwan • Terraces are made on hills and mountains • Non- Wet Rice Dominant • Grains like wheat and barley • Crop rotation

28. Plantation • Tropics and Sub-tropics • Latin America, Africa and Asia • In sparsely settled parts of LDCs • Owned by Europeans and North Americans • Cash crops: cotton, rubber, tobacco, sugar, coffee, bananas, drugs • Imported workers • A large farm that specializes in 1 or 2 crops

29. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming • In US and much of Europe • While most of the land is used for crop growing, >75% of the money comes from the livestock • Crop Rotation • Cereal Grains • Fallow • Rest Crop • Most of the crops are fed to the animals • How many people in this class won the corn challenge?

30. Dairy Farming • Countries in order of dairy production: India, U.S.A., China, Pakistan, Russia • Milkshed- the ring around a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling • Some regions specialize in dairy products because they are too far away to supply plain milk to a city • Problems • Labor intensive • Winter feed is expensive • Moo.

31. Grain Farming • Crops are grown for human consumption, not animal feed • Wheat is a very valuable, versatile crop • Wheat Belts • Winter- Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma • Spring- Dakotas, Montana, part of Canadia • Palous Region- Washington, little people • Reaper and Combine allowed large scale wheat production • Wheat, barley, rye, other stuff

32. Livestock Ranching • Semiarid/arid land is cheaper and therefore better • Stages • Introduction and establishment • Open range and cattle drives • Fixed location ranching • MMOOOOOOOOOOOOO • Cows • ??? • Profit

33. Mediterranean Agriculture • Is bordering a sea • Hot, dry summers and mild winters • Horticulture- growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers • For human food. Eat it. • Olives and Grapes are the two most important crops • California does moar horticulture than other places

34. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming • U.S. is ideal for the following reasons: • Long growing season • Humidity, which you crackpots do not have • Access to large cities • Not sucking • Truck Farmers • Another name for the above • Sell crops to large processors and consumers in developed societies • Keep low labor costs by hiring migrant workers, all the technologies, and specialization. Are you special? Lol, nup • Specialty Farming- type of truck farming where people grow crops with limited demand. They provide a shortcut to the mushrooms. End of this Section.

35. Rural Land Use and Settlement Patterns Spencer’s Section.

36. Von Thunen’s Model:

37. Von Thunen’s Model shows the relative location of different types of agriculture surrounding a market based off of the cost of transportation, land price, and how long the product remains fresh. • Von Thunen’s Model assumes that: • There are no other markets nearby • The land is completely uniform • Climate and Soil Quality are uniform • Farmers behave rationally • Due to the fact that Von Thunen’s model was made before trains/cars/airplanes were invented, the model is not as applicable today as it was when it was originally made.

38. Boserup’s Theory • Boserup’s Theory states that as population gets higher, food productivity will increase to keep up with it. • Three Points: • Higher Population=Larger Workforce