Conclusion

1. Conclusion • Does 3 things: • Restates thesis in a new way • Briefly summarizes sources and your arguments • Call to action

2. Example for Bad at Heart: In conclusion, human beings are naturally bad at heart. From the petty fights in The Diary of Anne Frank, to the German's evil plans in the WannaseeConference, and Hitler's desire for war expressed in his speeches, it is clear that Anne Frank was wrong to believe that people are good. The only thing that we can do to combat the evil in the world is do our best to make good choices and help others every day.

3. Example for Good at Heart: Overall, despite the bad choices people make, humans are ultimately good at heart. In The Diary of Anne Frank the kind acts of a few in the face of hardship illustrate this goodness. In addition, heroes like Sugihara and Roosevelt, who fought to prevent war and death are proof that people will always work to stop the evil in the world. Even if you can't stop a war, each and every person can commit to performing one good act, however small, each day!

4. Hook • Use a hook to grab your reader’s attention and set the tone of your essay • Options include: • Strong statement • Quotation • Anecdote / Current Event • Question • Important fact/statistic • Unusual detail

5. Unusual Detail • Hundreds of senseless violent acts occur each year, all around the world. For example, a warlord in Somalia kidnaps children and forces them to be soldiers (childsoldiers.org).

6. Strong Statement • Anne Frank, in her short life, has made quite an influence on the entire world. *You can also use the statements we discussed in class on good vs. bad

7. Quotation • Mark Twain once said, “Truth is stronger than fiction” (marktwainquotes.com). *You can use sources from class, but not ones already in your essay – try to pick a “big picture” quote

8. Current Event / Anecdote • Since you cannot use 1st person (I, me, my) in your essay…anecdotes can be tricky – they would have to be from a 3rd person POV • Current events can include things like Sandy Hook shooting (bad), people who volunteer during Thanksgiving (good)

9. Fact or Stat More than six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust (ushmm.org).

10. Make sure to briefly give context for your hook • If it’s a question – answer or explain it!

11. Question • Questions as hooks are only acceptable for argumentative essays! • Bad example: Do you believe people are good or bad at heart? • Better example: Do you believe that human beings are naturally good or evil? • Best example: How can humans make sense of the world when so many horrible acts are committed every day?

12. Background • To transition your hook to your thesis, include brief background info on Anne Frank and her situation • You do not have to use outside sources for this - use “common knowledge” • For example: Anne Frank was a young girl who went into hiding from the Nazis for more than two years, and kept a diary of her experiences. *If you do outside research, you have to include an internal citation!

13. Thesis • Your thesis states your claim, and what sources you will use to prove it • Format: Based on _______, _________, and _______, people are good / bad at heart. • Example: Based on The Diary of Anne Frank, the article “A Tragedy Revealed,” and Hitler’s speeches, it is obvious that people are bad at heart.

14. Internal Citation Basics • There are 2 ways to include internal citations in an essay: • Within a sentence • In Section III of the Wannasee Conference minutes, it states that there will be, “Massive efforts to be undertaken throughout Europe to kill the 11,000,000 Jews.” 2. Parenthetical Citations • The minutes state that there will be, “Massive efforts to be undertaken throughout Europe to kill the 11,000,000 Jews” (Wannasee Conference III).

15. Where do I put the citation? • Parenthetical internal citations always go at the end of the quote or paraphrasing of the example. • Even if the quote/paraphrase is more than a sentence long, put it at the end of the entire example • The minutes state that there will be, “Massive efforts to be undertaken throughout Europe to kill the 11,000,000 Jews” (Wannasee Conference III).

16. Punctuating Internal Citations • Put the citation in parenthesis • (Wannasee Conference III) 2. Put the period AFTER the citation! - (Wannasee Conference III). *This is the exception to the dialogue rule! The minutes state that there will be, “Massive efforts to be undertaken throughout Europe to kill the 11,000,000 Jews” (Wannasee Conference III).

17. What do I put in the citation? • Depending on what information you have, your internal citation may change. • Basic Guide: • If you have the author’s last name(s) put it! • If not author, title! • If there are page #s, put them after the author or title (if not, leave them out!) (Schnabel 345). (Hitler). (“Liberators”). (Goodrich and Hackett 450).

18. Practice • Make an internal citation for the following 1. A quote from “Passage to Freedom” on page 218 2. A quote from Hitler’s speech 3. A quote from Roosevelt’s Letter to Hitler 4. A quote from Anne Frank on page 375 5. An example from “Don’t Let Them Carve THOSE Faces on our Mountain”

19. What makes a good explanation? • A good explanation explains (duh) your example…but what does that mean? • Remember, sometimes an explanation needs to be more than one sentence!

20. What makes a good explanation? • If necessary, first paraphrase or give context for a quote so your reader knows what is going on: • For example, “And…this is yours…from Mrs. Quack Quack. Well…open it…aren’t you going to open it?” During the Hanukkah party, Anne goes out of her way to give gifts to everyone in the Secret Annex, even Peter who she fought with.

21. What makes a good explanation? 2. Explain how you example shows HOW people are good or bad at heart • For example, “And…this is yours…from Mrs. Quack Quack. Well…open it…aren’t you going to open it?” During the Hanukkah party, Anne goes out of her way to give gifts to everyone in the Secret Annex, even Peter, who she fought with. This shows that even though Anne was rude before, she has changed and become a generous person, revealing she is truly good at heart.

22. Bad Explanations • It does NOT mean repeating your assertion or thesis! • For example: This example shows how people are bad at heart. You already said this!! We know your stance!

23. Bad Explanation • Also, do not just paraphrase or summarize the example • Always make sure to interpret the meaning of the example, not just repeat what it said! • For example, Mr. Dussel says to Mr. Van Daan, “You thieving, good for nothing…you stole the bread!” This shows that Mr. Van Daan stole bread from the kitchen. But what does that show about Mr. Van Daan as a person?!?

24. Tips for Examples from a Play • Don’t include too much text • You can always give context in your explanation • It’s easier to present your example like this: • For example, Mr. Dussel says, “You thief!” • Not: For example, “Mr. Dussel: You thief!”