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Ebola

Ebola. A Deadly Disease……. Introduction.

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Ebola

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  1. Ebola A Deadly Disease…….

  2. Introduction Ebola viruses cause a severe illness known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever that can be lethal to humans. Although hemorrhagic fever can be brought on by several types of viruses, Ebola produces one of the most deadly forms of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Mortality rates for Ebola hemorrhagic fever are high, ranging from 50 percent to 90 percent, with death usually occurring from shock rather than blood loss.

  3. 4 Types of Ebola There are four subtypes of Ebola viruses: Zaire Sudan Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Reston Each of these viruses were named after the location in which the disease had its first out break.

  4. Where can the virus be found? • Originates in prime mates including gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans and some domestic pigs, also elephants in central Africa • Host cell: Ebola interacts specifically with liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The lining of blood capillaries are attacked. The capillaries start to leak fluids and plasma proteins. Some patients experience intravascular coagulation, and loss of normal clotting capability

  5. How is it transmitted? • Ebola is transmitted by blood, bodily fluids, and tissue of infected people. • Ebola can be transmitted in the simplest of ways. If you are walking in the bush and an elephant has the virus and the elephant sneezes, the virus can be transmitted by entering your mouth or even touching an open cut.

  6. Type of Virus Helical virion they are set up like a tube the protein coat winds up like a garden hose around the core.

  7. Life Cycle • First in the non-human animal • Gets transmitted to the human by direct contact with their feces and bodily fluids. Animal can sneeze and the virus can make direct contact with a human mouth or even a cut. • Gets into the host cell (liver cell). • The virus multiplies in the cell. • Then is transpired by the human to another animal or human through the same way the virus was transpired him/her.

  8. The Weak Link The transmission and spread can be cut off near the end of stage 4 by isolating the human thus he/she can’t contaminate anyone or anything else. As the man’s body fluids and tissue is not in contact with any other possible hosts the virus continues to multiply within the person till death.

  9. Progression of Disease • At first the disease starts off with a fever, but a fever doesn’t prove anything • Then you start feeling bad (fatigue) • Then you start bleeding from all sorts of places and that’s an extremely bad sign • Then before you know it, its too late and you are a step away from dying

  10. Symptoms of Disease

  11. History The virus takes its name from the Ebola River in the northern Congo basin of central Africa, where it first emerged in 1976. Prevention is through isolation of the infected person/s so it does not spread. In Hot Zone in Africa a cave called Kitum cave is found which links two separate single-incidence occurrences of Ebola. Scientists went to the cave and took blood samples from everything they can find. They found nothing at all and the results were never formally published. Kitum cave was stuffed with bats; so the fruit bat find could explain how two people died of Ebola in separate incidents after visiting Kitum cave.

  12. Location • Ebola first emerged in Sudan and Zaire in the year 1976. The first outbreak of Ebola (Ebola-Sudan) infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53%. A few months later, the second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire); it had the highest mortality rate of any of the Ebola viruses (88%), infected 318 people. • On the basis of available evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animal-borne and is normally maintained in an animal host that is native to the African continent. The virus is not known to be native to any other continents, though.

  13. Controlling Ebola To control Ebola and make sure it does not spread, one needs to isolate the person in and enclosed area until he/she dies. This affects some communities cultural aspects as this means none of the persons family or friends can give the person a good bye hug, hold, etc. since the virus is contagious. This also means a funeral can’t be held and even if it is the best for people on a global basis, their culture has been invaded and they weren’t allowed to do what they might have been doing for generations.

  14. Right Way to Control Ebola A successful virus does not kill its host and also does not seriously harm it. When the traditional host of a virus is wiped out, the virus will try to jump to other species, and it will mutate. A virus that is benign to a moth may be a killer of humans. Viruses like meat ... and the largest source of meat on the planet is human. Conserving the environment can keep these killers in harmless hosts inside the rain forests and jungles of the world. Wipe out their environments and the hosts will die, the viruses will mutate and jump species, and we could be in serious trouble.

  15. Interesting Facts • There are things out there smaller than viruses! • Prions: Prions are proteins that can invade cells and somehow direct their own duplication, making more of the isolated proteins. • Viroids: are a little different in that they are just RNA. Scientists have even discovered that they are responsible for some diseases. • Death takes less than 24 hours. This is good for the global world as then the virus cannot spread but bad for the person and his/hers close family and friend s as he has died.

  16. Conclusion Ebola is a threat not only to humans but also to our closest living relatives - the great apes. The western lowland gorilla populations have been reduced by Ebola to such an extent that they are now considered "critically endangered". About a third of the gorillas in protected areas have died from Ebola in the past 15 years. Scientists are concerned that their numbers may not be able to recover and fear that they could become extinct in decade.

  17. Bibliographies • "Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever." WHO. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/>. • "Ebola (virus)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177623/Ebola>. • "Types of Viruses." Biology4Kids.com: Microorganisms: Viruses. N.p., 2013. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://www.biology4kids.com/files/micro_virus.html>. • "Developed Antibodies against Deadly Ebola Vius." NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. N.p., 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nationalgeographic.de/aktuelles/antikoerper-gegen-toedliches-ebolavirus-entwickelt>. • Marina Morgado. "Ebola Virus." Telephone interview. 12 Oct. 2013.

  18. This PowerPoint was brought to you by Diana Jorge & Abhipsa Ujwal

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