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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. Traffic Passage. R1 Congestion, usual solution is to charge for bringing car into city. R2 Discriminates in favour of those who can easily afford to pay. R3 Less well-off in society are penalised so that the rich can enjoy the luxury of clear streets.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer

  2. Traffic Passage • R1 Congestion, usual solution is to charge for bringing car into city. • R2 Discriminates in favour of those who can easily afford to pay. • R3 Less well-off in society are penalised so that the rich can enjoy the luxury of clear streets. • MC Rationing car use should be introduced to replace congestion charges.

  3. 2.7 cont. • Many of the multiple-choice answers in critical thinking exams correspond to one of the reasons, or to an intermediate conclusion, or to a piece of background information; or they misrepresent the conclusion altogether. • Called Distracters – incorrect responses designed to make you think.

  4. Be aware of distracters; it is easy to tempted by an answer because it echoes something in the passage, or simply because it ‘sounds right’. • It is better to analyze the argument and identify its conclusion yourself; then look for the response that best matches you analysis. • You need to have positive reasons for making your selection as well as negative reasons for rejecting the others.

  5. Diffuse Conclusions • Sometimes a conclusion is not expressed in one go, but is broken up, or repeated, or stated in more than one way, at different points in the text. • A diffuse conclusion is one that is spread through the argument, rather than being one component.

  6. Identifying a diffuse conclusion, in these circumstances, means gathering or summarising it. • Another word: Inference, is also used when drawing or summarizing conclusions

  7. Example • We are taught from an early age that we should tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth at all times and without question. But it is simplistic to pretend that truth-telling is always right and falsifying always wrong. Some people may tell the truth just to cause trouble; others …

  8. Page 2 • may decide not to tell the truth just to save someone else from distress or to protect them from danger. The morality or immorality of a deed depends on its consequences and the motives for doing it. On its own the simple act of saying what is so, or what is not so, can be judged neither right nor wrong.

  9. What would you say was the main conclusion here? • Try to summarize it in your own words. • This is a tricky argument to analyze cleanly because the conclusion is spread out, rather than stated in a single sentence or phrase.

  10. Commentary • The first sentence is the target, setting up the standard principle that we should always tell the truth. • It is also clear that the rest of the passage is contesting the principle, by giving 2 counter-examples as reasons. • R1 Some people tell the truth to cause trouble. • R2 Some people do not tell the truth to save other from distress, etc.

  11. Commentary cont. • These reasons support three closely related claims. • Can you identify them?

  12. Commentary cont. • It is simplistic to pretend that truth telling is always right and falsifying always wrong. • The morality or immorality of a deed depends on its consequences and the motives for doing it. • On its own the simple act of saying what is so, or what is not so, can be judged neither right nor wrong.

  13. Commentary cont. • In such circumstances you can do one of two things. • You can either choose the sentence which you think is the clearest expression of the conclusion. • You can summarize the conclusion to which all three appear to be contributing.

  14. Commentary cont. • Possible conclusion: • Without considering motives and consequences, lying and truth-telling cannot be judged right or wrong. • Many authors use this technique as a way of emphasizing or reinforcing or clarifying the point they are making.

  15. Commentary cont. • In analyzing such arguments you must be ready to summarize the conclusion and premises in your own words. • The main purpose of analyzing and standardizing arguments is to simplify their meaning.

  16. Try this one • Meat eaters, in defence of their eating habits, often give the excuse that they (and we) do not have the teeth or the stomachs of natural herbivores and therefore we must be carnivores. This is nonsense. We may not have the digestive equipment to eat raw grasses, but nor do we have the teeth and digestion systems of predators: we are as far removed from the wolf as we are from the horse. Seeds, nuts, berries, leaves and roots are the natural diet of our closest relatives in the animal kingdom.

  17. Which best expresses the conclusion? • It is nonsense to say that we must be carnivores. • Seeds, nuts, berries, leaves and roots are our natural diet. • We do not have the teeth or stomachs of predatory animals. • We are no more like wolves than we are like horses. • Eating meat is a disgusting habit.

  18. Homework • Find an article that contains an argument. Highlight and label the main conclusion, any intermediate conclusions, and reasons. • Map your argument, present it in standard format. • Due on Thurs., Oct. 3rd. Be prepared to present it.

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