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VIRUSES

VIRUSES. AND HIV. VIRAL VOCABULARY. 114. Bacteriophage 115. Pathogen 116. Lytic cycle 117. Lysogenic cycle 118. Prion 119. Viroid 120. Vaccination 121. Immunity. HIV– MODERN DAY PIRATE. HIV – HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AIDS – ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

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VIRUSES

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  1. VIRUSES AND HIV

  2. VIRAL VOCABULARY 114. Bacteriophage 115. Pathogen 116. Lytic cycle 117. Lysogenic cycle 118. Prion 119. Viroid 120. Vaccination 121. Immunity

  3. HIV– MODERN DAY PIRATE • HIV – HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS • AIDS – ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME • 3 AREAS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED – ASIA, S. AMERICA, AFRICA • DRAW AND LABEL VIRUS • METHODS OF TRANSMISSION – BLOOD, SEMEN, VAGINAL/CERVIAL SECRETIONS, BREAST MILK, PUS • TARGET CELL OF HIV –T HELPER CELL • RECEPTOR- CD4 on T HELPER CELL • OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION – A NORMAL HARMLESS ORGANISM THAT WHEN IT ENTERS THE BODY OF A PERSON WITH A WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM, IT CAN HARM OR KILL THEM

  4. HIV– MODERN DAY PIRATE continued… • WHERE IS THE VIRUS? • Free in- Blood, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk • Resident in- same as above plus pus • PORTALS OF EXIT- same as above • HIV ENTRANCES- breaks in skin (mouth, vagina, rectum, anywhere!); through placenta

  5. ANATOMY- Lots of Variety! spikes /DNA * Must attach to a specific receptor site

  6. Viral Anatomy

  7. Influenza Virus Strains

  8. HIV – TIME COURSE TO AIDS

  9. T-Helper Lymphocyte –Target cell in the immune system for HIV

  10. CD4 Receptor – “Velcro” a special receptor on a host cell's surface that HIV uses to infiltrate the cell

  11. Reverse Transcriptase –The enzyme produced by HIV and other retroviruses (contain RNA) that allows them to synthesize DNA from their RNA.

  12. HIV virus attacking and infecting a Helper T-cell

  13. Characteristics of Viruses…ARE THEY ALIVE??? • REPRODUCTION!!!!!!! – they are good at it! • Not by mitosis or meiosis • Only when associated with another cell • Obligate Intracellular Parasites– microorganisms that can only reproduce if they have entered another organism's cell • Non-cellular – no cytoplasm, no cell membrane no digestion, no respiration, no movement (without help) • GENETIC MATERIAL – DNA or RNA

  14. How are new viruses produced? • See lab on Viral Replication • The method slightly differs if the virus contains DNA or RNA DNA Virus: The viral DNA is injected into the host cell. It either becomes part of the host cell DNA or remains free inside the cell. The host cell produces viral RNA and proteins and assembles new viruses.

  15. How are new viruses produced? RNA Virus: RETROVIRUS 1. Retrovirus injects its RNA into the host cell. 2. The RNA attaches to the host cell’s ribosomes and new viral proteins are made- OR-…#3 3. The viral enzyme- REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE- converts the viral RNA into DNA. 4. The newly formed DNA gets into the host cell’s DNA and the host cell then produces new RNA and proteins from it.

  16. VIRAL REPLICATION LAB

  17. LAB ANSWERS…

  18. REPRODUCTION CYCLES • LYTIC CYCLE –virulent (disease causing) – active phase • Absorption – attachment to receptor site • Entry – insertion of genetic material • Replication – viral parts are made – capsid and nucleic acids • Assembly – separate parts are put together • Release – digest cell membrane and escape (destroys host cell in the process

  19. LYSOGENIC CYCLE • Temperate virus – does not cause disease immediately - virus hides out • Resides in the cell without replicating. The cell may divide and result in many cells with the viral genetic material inside • Will lead to lytic cycle eventually • HIV spends the majority of the time in this cycle

  20. Adenovirus A group of viruses that infect the membranes (tissue linings) of the respiratory tract, the eyes, the intestines, and the urinary tract. Adenoviruses account for about 10% of acute respiratory infections in children and are a frequent cause of diarrhea.

  21. V. Relatives of Viruses • Viroids – short strands of RNA, no capsid • Prions – glycoproteins containing a polypeptide of 250 amino acids. • A protein capable of replication • Infectious protein…no nucleic acid • Causes Mad Cow disease, scrapies in sheep, and Kuru in New Guinea

  22. Pictures PRIONS VIROIDS

  23. MAD COW DISEASE (BSE)

  24. Fore people of New Guinea

  25. VI. VACCINES – preventions…not a cure • Immune System – responds to foreign proteins (bacteria, virus, organ transplant, blood transfusion, bee venom, peanuts, pollen) – fever, swelling, increased mucus secretions, allergies…etc. • Inoculation – injection with a non-replicating virus or viral parts

  26. Antibodies – formed by the body to the specific foreign protein and seeks to destroy them…why you cannot get sick with the same cold twice • Antibodies continue to be produced indefinitely and remain to protect in the event of a second exposure to the real disease causing virus • Immunity – your body mounting a response against a foreign antigen protein...attacks and destroys the foreign substance

  27. QUIZ TOPICS • HIV/AIDS, Video stuff • Text 450-459, 942-943, 939, 1018-1020 • Vocab • Living/Nonliving WS • Lab on Reproduction • Anatomy, Reproduction, Immunity, prion vs. viroid, vaccines

  28. Jeopardy Questions - Easy • HIV Stands for…. • Your immune system responds to ______. • How soon after exposure to HIV are you infectious? • Define obligate intracellular parasite. • Name 3 diseases caused by viruses. • What is an opportunistic infection? • Why would a virus be considered nonliving? • What is the target cell for HIV?

  29. Jeopardy Questions - Medium • What is the main difference b/t prion and a viroid? • Name 3 non-sexual fluids that carry HIV? • What do AIDS victims typically die from? • AIDS stands for? • What part of the virus attaches itself to the host cell?

  30. Jeopardy Questions - Difficult • What does the AIDS test really test for? Why is it not accurate for up to 6 months? • How does a vaccine work? • Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. • What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? • Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally).

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