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Cells and Tissues

Cells and Tissues. Cells and Tissues. Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell. Cells are not all the same

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Cells and Tissues

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  1. Cells and Tissues

  2. Cells and Tissues • Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life • Cells are the building blocks of all living things • Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

  3. Anatomy of the Cell • Cells are not all the same • All cells share general structures • Cells are organized into three main regions • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

  4. Studying Cells • The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body Figure 3-1

  5. The Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Contains genetic material (DNA) • Three regions • Nuclear membrane • Nucleolus • Chromatin Figure 3.1b

  6. Nuclear Membrane • Barrier of nucleus • double phospholipid membrane • Contain nuclear pores

  7. Nucleoli • Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli • Sites of ribosome production

  8. Chromatin • Composed of DNA and protein • Scattered throughout the nucleus • condenses to form chromosomes

  9. Plasma Membrane • Barrier for cell contents • Double phospholipid layer • Hydrophilic heads • Hydrophobic tails • Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins PRESS TO PLAY MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION

  10. Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

  11. The Cell Membrane • The Cell Membrane Figure 3-3

  12. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Microvilli • Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

  13. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Membrane junctions • Tight junctions • Desmosomes • Gap junctions Figure 3.3

  14. Cytoplasm • Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane • Cytosol • Fluid that suspends other elements • Organelles • Metabolic machinery of the cell • Inclusions • Non-functioning units

  15. Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

  16. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Ribosomes • Made of protein and RNA • Sites of protein synthesis • Found at two locations • Free in the cytoplasm • Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

  17. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances • Two types of ER • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  18. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Golgi apparatus • Modifies and packages proteins • Produces different types of packages • Secretory vesicles • Cell membrane components • Lysosomes

  19. ER and Golgi Apparatus TEM Photos

  20. Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6

  21. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Lysosomes • Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell • Peroxisomes • Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

  22. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Mitochondria • “Powerhouses” of the cell • Change shape continuously • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food • Provides ATP for cellular energy

  23. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm • Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

  24. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Three different types • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d

  25. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Centrioles • Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules • Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

  26. Centriole Structure

  27. Cellular Projections • Not found in all cells • Used for movement • Cilia moves materials across the cell surface • Flagellum propels the cell

  28. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

  29. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

  30. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

  31. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g

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