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第十章 界面现象

相. 均相系统 一相. 多相系统 多相. 第十章 界面现象. 10.1 界面. 界面 , 表面. 体面积. 质量面. 变化的结果: 液体表面尽可能的缩小 物理和化学吸附. 分散度. 10.2 表面张力. 10.2.1. 表面张力. 表面功.  W r  =  d A s.  unit J·m -2 = N·m·m -2 = N·m -1 ,.  -- 表面张力. d l. L. F. . (a). d l. d l. L. L. F. . . (b). (c). L. .

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第十章 界面现象

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  1. 均相系统 一相 多相系统 多相 第十章 界面现象 10.1 界面 界面, 表面

  2. 体面积 质量面 • 变化的结果: • 液体表面尽可能的缩小 • 物理和化学吸附 分散度

  3. 10.2 表面张力 10.2.1. 表面张力 表面功 Wr = dAs  unit J·m-2=N·m·m-2=N·m-1,  -- 表面张力

  4. dl L F  (a) dl dl L L F   (b) (c)

  5. L  dl

  6. 10.2.2 分散系统的表面能 dU = TdS - pdV +dAs + BdnB dH = TdS + Vdp +dAs + BdnB dA =-SdT - pdV +dAs + BdnB dG =-SdT + Vdp +dAs + BdnB  单位表面自由能

  7. 10.2.3 表面张力与T的关系 T ,   p  

  8. 10.3 弯曲表面 10.3.1 附加压力

  9. x +dx y+dy dz y x dz r2 r1 O2 O1 r: 曲率半径 Young -Laplace 方程 r1 = r2 = r,

  10. Convex凸面: r>0,  p >0, p1>pg Concave凹面:r<0  p <0, p1< pg Plane平面: r=0  p =0, p1= pg

  11. Kelvin 方程 10.3.2 Saturated Vapor Pressure 饱和蒸气压 pr*——弯曲液面的饱和蒸气压 p* ——平面的饱和蒸气压 MB——摩尔质量 ; B——密度 σ——表面张力; r——曲率半径 convex(droplet液滴): r>0, ln(pr*/p*)>0, pr*>p*; concave(bubbles气泡):r<0, ln(pr*/p*)<0, pr*<p*。

  12. • • • • P(r>0) • • • g • • • • • • p(r=0) • • • p(r<0) g • • • • l • • • g • • • • • l l pr*(convex)>pr*(plane)>pr*(concave) F (convex)<F( plane)<F( concave)

  13. 3 2 {Pr} 1 10-1 100 101 102 103 Saturated vapor pressure of curved liquid surface r /nm 298.15 K convex plane concave

  14. 10.3.3 亚稳态 Supersaturated vapor过饱和蒸汽 Supersaturated solution过饱和溶液 Superheated liquid过热液体 Superhcooled liquid过冷液体 dG=-SdT+Vdp+dAs dGT,P=dAs>0 v ∝r2exp(-Br2)

  15.  < 90—润湿;  > 90—不润湿; 10.3.4 润湿 接触角 Young方程

  16.  <90( >90)  >90( <90) =180-θ

  17. r  R  h 10.3.5 毛细现象

  18. {} Ⅱ Ⅲ {c} 10.4 溶液表面的吸附 10.4.1 溶液的表面张力

  19. h h 体相  V  h1 h1 h0 Surface phase S1 h0 h0 界面层S Surface layer S2 AS h2 h2 V   (a) practice system (b) c ~ h (c) Gibbs model 10.4.2 溶液的表面吸附 正吸附,负吸附 表面超出量 B

  20. {} Ⅱ {c} (I),B<0,负吸附; (II、III),则B >0, 正吸附 。 10.4.3 Gibbs 方程

  21. 亲水基 亲油基 COO- CH3(CH2)7=CH(CH2)7 H+ 表面活性剂的结构 4. 表面活性剂

  22. 单分子层 Associated colloid(micell)缔合胶体(胶束)

  23. Critical micell concentration临界胶束浓度 Increase dissolution

  24. anionic surfactants e.g.soap RCOONa cationic surfactants Ionic surfactants C18H37NH3+Cl- amphoteric surfactants Surfactants R-NH-CH2COOH Nonionic surfactants e.g. R[CH2OCH2]nCH2OH

  25. kink terrace impurity adsorbed atom step dislocation 10.5 气固吸附 10.5.1 固体表面 adsorption, adsorbate, adsorbent

  26. 10.4.2 物理吸附和化学吸附

  27. H H H b b H a Cu Cu Cu X Cu Cu Cu {E} D Ea a 0 Hc= -33.5kJ 55.4kJ Hp H H C Cu Cu Cu H H Cu Cu H H Cu Cu {r}

  28. 吸附量Γ m——固体质量 ; V——被吸附气体的体积( T.p) T 固定, Γ = f (p) 吸附等温线isotherm p固定, Γ = f (T) 吸附等压线 isobar Γ固定, p = f (T) 吸附等量线 isostere {Γ} {p} (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 10.4.3 吸附曲线

  29. A(g) + M(surface) A ka M kd 10.4.4 Langmuir 等温线 Langmuir假设 (i) 单分子层吸附. (ii)All site are equivalent and the surface is uniform ( that is , the surface is perfectly flat on a microscopic scale) . (iii)The ability of a molecule to adsorb at a given site is independent of the occupation of neighboring sites. (iv)At equilibrium, the rates of adsorption and desorption of molecules from the surface are equal. ka :吸附速率常数 kd :解吸速率常数

  30. 吸附平衡常数 Langmuir 等温线 覆盖率θ υa= ka (1-θ)p υd= kd θ at equilibrium,υa=υd, ka (1-θ)p =kdθ

  31. {Γ} (a) (i) bp<<1, θ=bp (ii) bp >>1, θ=1 V——volume of adsorbate adsorbed by solid at T,p V∞——volume of adsorbate corresponding to complete monolayer coverage

  32. 混合吸附 A、B 解离吸附 A2 + 2* 2(A – *)

  33. 10.4.5 BET 等温线 BET 等温线

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