O. Chertov ------------ oooo -------------- Bordeaux June 12-14 2008

1. EU Project e-LUPSimulating land use processes – an interactive e-tool for SIAChapter 6(former 3) Forest Resources and Carbon Sink Second draft O. Chertov ------------oooo-------------- Bordeaux June 12-14 2008

2. ORIGINAL FORMULATION of Chapter 3: SIA and the forest cycle • structure, • growth and biomass • carbon sink • greenhouse gases and their effects Case study: 7 FE plots thru Eurasia Models: forest growth, carbon sequestration (PipeQual, BIOME) Writers: SPbSU, IGSO, SAV

3. Impact issues to be answered Does the option affect the emission of ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, etc.) and greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane etc) into the atmosphere? Especially CARBON SEQUESTRATION. Does the option affect the use of renewable resources (freshwater, fish, here FORESTS) more quickly than they can regenerate? Effects on biodiversity, flora, fauna and landscapes (comprehensive treatment in Chapter 6). Effects on protection of particular social groups (dependent on forests) Does the option affect the involvement of stakeholders in issues of governance as provided for in the Treaty and the new governance approach? The forest-wood chain: Does the option have an impact on the competitive position of EU firms in comparison with their non-EU rivals? Does the option have significant effects on certain sectors? What are the overall consequences of the option for economic growth and employment?

4. Impact issues to be answered Does the option affect the emission of ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, etc.) and greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane etc) into the atmosphere? Especially CARBON SEQUESTRATION. Does the option affect the use of renewable resources (freshwater, fish, here FORESTS) more quickly than they can regenerate? Effects on biodiversity, flora, fauna and landscapes (comprehensive treatment in Chapter 6). Effects on protection of particular social groups (dependent on forests) Does the option affect the INVOLMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS in issues of governance as provided for in the Treaty and the new governance approach? The forest-wood chain: Does the option have an impact on the competitive position of EU firms in comparison with their non-EU rivals? Does the option have significant effects on certain sectors? What are the overall consequences of the option for economic growth and employment?

5. Impact issues to be answered Does the option affect the emission of ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, HCFCs, etc.) and greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane etc) into the atmosphere? Especially CARBON SEQUESTRATION. Does the option affect the use of renewable resources (freshwater, fish, her e from FORESTS) more quickly than they can regenerate? Effects on biodiversity, flora, fauna and landscapes (comprehensive treatment in Chapter 6). Effects on protection of particular social groups (dependent on forests) Does the option affect the INVOLMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS in issues of governance as provided for in the Treaty and the new governance approach? The forest-wood chain: Does the option have an impact on the competitive position of EU firms in comparison with their non-EU rivals? Does the option have significant effects on certain sectors? What are the overall consequences of the option for economic growth and employment? OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

6. Chapter’splanned contents • Issues, order of topics: • forest and sustainable forestry • forest-wood chain, sector of the EU economy • climate change scenarios (J.Keskitalo) • global change effects on forests, case study • carbon sequestration, forests and other land use • llustrations and indicators: • forest cover, Europe and European Russia - • afforestation trend, Europe – • forest-wood chain – • forest productivity – • greenhouse gas emissions – • scenarios and actions – • EU-policies • ○ Russian policies - short list • ○ Impacts and assessment • ○ SIA assessment tools (recommended ones) - indicators? • primary: forest yield and growth models, process models, • Forest management, DSS • integrated: EforWood – it is very complicated and only for “forestry-wood-chain”, FWC • ○ Case study • THE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS PLOTS - NETHERLANDS TO SIBERIA • (5-10 pages by IGSO) • ○ Visualization of tool (if any) - PUME

7. What issues covered • Issues, order of topics: • forest and sustainable forestry • forest-wood chain, sector of the EU economy • climate change scenarios (J.Keskitalo) • global change effects on forests, case study • carbon sequestration, forests and other land use • llustrations and indicators: • forest cover, Europe and European Russia - • afforestation trend, Europe – • forest-wood chain – • forest productivity – • greenhouse gas emissions – • scenarios and actions – • EU-policies • ○ Russian policies - short list • ○ Impacts and assessment • ○ SIA assessment tools (recommended ones) - indicators? • primary: forest yield and growth models, process models, • Forest management, DSS • integrated: EforWood – it is very complicated and only for “forestry-wood-chain”, FWC • ○ Case study • THE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS PLOTS - NETHERLANDS TO SIBERIA • (5-10 pages by IGSO) • ○ Visualization of tool (if any) - PUME

8. Whathaveadditionallydone in Chapter 3 • New scientificinformationandsomedata on relevant projectsaddedtothetextandsupplementarymaterials • More illustrationsincluded • Forestryregimesareconsidered in moredetails • Somenewaspectsoftheproblemof SFM andcarbonsequestrationareincluded in thediscussion • Draftof DB (?)

9. Scheme of carbon and other elements turnover in forest ecosystem

11. Considerationofforestryregimes in moredetailaccordingtothe WP

12. New silvicultural concepts The idea of close-to-nature forestry (continuous forest cover) versus plantation forestry and whole tree harvesting is now declared and discussing in European forest community This approach will be developed in a frame of just submitted big EU project on adaptive forest management (coordinator: Baden-Württemberg Forest Research Institute, Freiburg, Germany)

13. New technologicalaspects Practical implementation of environmentally reliable forest management needs to reconsider the technological aspects of wood harvesting There is an idea of “reduced-impact logging”, RIL. It needs elaboration of new prototypes of harvesting and transport machines European and especially Russian silvicultural and harvesting technologies still use very large and heavy machines (harvesters and transporters) that significantly disturb tree roots and stems, tree regeneration ground vegetation and soil Possible trends on the development of a new environmentally neutral generation of small light machinery for non-disturbing wood harvesting (RIL). It should be some kind of NANO-TECHNIQUE Even a use of horse transportation of logs seems to be profitable in some special cases because it is absolutely ecological technology (for example, in recreational forests in combination with horse use for tourism)

14. Combinationofmanagementregimesatlandscapelevel Various combinations of forestry options should be an optimal approach to compromise environmental, economic and social pillars of SIA The important point for the combination of different forest management options is a principle of establishment of offset regimes for any intensive ecologically not optimal forest use (Knaus et al., 2006) It means the necessity to combine the economically and socially favourable silviculture (that can be ecologically not optimal) with the environmentally unblemished but not profitable forest management

15. Attention tothenaturalmechanismsofcarbonsequestration It is well known in Forest Soil Science and Ecology that wet sites have high soil Carbon pools and total carbon pool in these ecosystems is higher than on drained sites Therefore a construction of dams on forest watercourses to create small ponds will lead to water accumulation in soil due to ground water table rise and following soil Carbon sequestration The same effect will have a restoration of beaver population on small forest water streams as it was on East European Plain at all post-glacial time before growth of human population (Kaliakin et al., 2004) However, the forest productivity will be lower here in comparison with well drained forests, though it can be opposite and profitable for forest growth in Mediterranean (arid) climate Actually, the loss of forest productivity in this case represents an economical cost for Carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems

16. Climatechangeconsequences • ForestproductivityandtreebiomassincreasingwithdecreasingofsoilorganicCarbon in boreal andtemperateforests • ForestproductivityandsoilCarbondecreasing in Mediterraneanclimate • Increasingofforestfirerisk due tohigherfrequencyofhotand dry summers • Growth offrequencyofcatastrophicantmosphericeventswith a strong damagetoforests

17. Main adaptive measures for forest regions at climate change (Kellomäki et al., 2008)

18. Change of carbon pool in tree biomass (A) and soil (B) under climate change at four silvicultural scenarios with atmospheric nitrogen deposition 12 kg ha-1 year-1in Russky Les Forest, Central European Russia (Mikhailov et al., 2007)

19. Somephilosophicalconclusionsofpracticalimportance • Modern environmentalism and C&I of SFM has moistly defensive strategy: to protect, to stop further disturbance, degradation, pollution, etc • The environmental strategy should be more constructive and active to restore natural ecological systems (generally all biosphere) and especially forest ecosystems

20. Interaction of environmental andeconomic SIA in forestsector: Practically, the more environmentally/ecologically sound is forestry option the higher is its price (financial, technological and sociological because high skilled professionals will be necessary) at the short-term perspective But the situation is totally opposite at the long-term time span (actually taking into account future generations) The options with a direct economic profit/gain but not environmentally reliable (for example short rotation forestry in boreal climate) always have harmful cumulative ecological effects at the long-term perspective. It can be sometimes tragic and irreversible

21. European governments now pay agreat attentionto environmental problems and especially to problems of forest conservationPerhaps, there is time now topay great moneyfor forest and whole nature restoration (not only a conservation of the rest) – mostly for future generationsRestoration of forest ecosystems should be an additional priority of SFM

22. Thankyou!