The Western Heritage Since 1300

1. Chapter 4: The Age of Religious Wars Pg# 134-166 The Western Heritage Since 1300

2. Learning Objectives: 1. How did religious conflict in Europe evolve over the course of the 2nd half of the 16th Century? 2. What caused the civil war between the Huguenots and the Catholics in France and what was the outcome? 3. How was Philip II able to dominate international politics for much of the latter half of the 16th Century? 4. What role Catholic and Protestant extremism play in the struggle for supremacy between England and Spain? 5. What toll did the Thirty Years' war take on Germany?

3. Chapter Outline: I. Renewed Religious Struggle II. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) III. Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556-1598) IV. England and Spain (1553-1603) V. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) VI. In Perspective

4. Europe

5. Baroque (135) • Congregationalists (153) • Counter-Reformation (135) • Huguenots (136) • Politiques (136) • Presbyterians (153) • Thirty-Nine Articles (152) • Presbyters (135) Vocabulary:

6. Review Questions: Renewed Religious Struggle 1. How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders? What led to the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and what did it achieve? Imperial Spain & Philip II 2. How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the sixteenth century? What were Philip II’s successes and failures? 3. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques. What does that term mean and why does it apply to these three rulers? England & Spain 4. What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England? Why did Mary I fail? What was Elizabeth I’s settlement, and why was it difficult to impose on England? Who were her detractors and what were their criticisms? Thirty Years' War 5. Why was the Thirty Years’ War fought? Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war? What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648? 6. Why has the Thirty Years’ War been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict? Was it really such? Were the results worth the cost of the war?

7. Renewed Religious STruggle Roman Catholic Church vs Protestantism

8. Map of Europe: 16th & 17th Century

9. The French Wars of Religion Catholicism vs Protestantism in France 1. French Protestants known as Huguenots, derived from Besancon Hugues, leader of Geneva’s political revolt against House of Savoy in the 1520’s 2. Anti-Protestant feelings throughout France common, persecution as well. 3. 1540, Edict of Fontainbleau subjected French Protestants to Inquisition a. Catholic imprisonment/torture to recant Protestant beliefs 4. French monarchs including Henry II (1547-1559), enacted laws against Protestant worship/public gatherings 5. Henry II’s death due to accident, son took over only to die a year later, opened rule for other families of France Henry II of France Francis II Catherine de Medici

10. The French Wars of Religion Home of Henry II of France & Catherine de Medici

11. The French Wars of Religion 6. Three families vied for control of France: a. Bourbons (south & west) b. Montmorency-Chatillons (center) c. Guises (east) 7. Guise family controlled Francis II, the son of Henry II, as two brothers Cardinals in Church, one Henry’s top general, also related to Mary, Queen of Scots, widow of Francis II, son of Henry, all known as reactionary militant Catholics 8. aBourbon & bMontmorency-Chatillon families formed ties with Huguenonts a. Bourbon prince Louis I, Prince of Conde b. Admiral Gaspard de Coligny c. both political leaders of French Protestant resistance Admiral Gaspard de Coligny Louis I, Prince of Conde

12. Appeal of Calvinism 1. Huguenots (Protestants) a minority religion in France a. 1561, 2,000 Huguenot congregations in France b. only a majority in two regions of France- Dauphine & Languedoc c. 2/5’s French aristocracy Huguenot 2. Calvin justified & encouraged resistance of Huguenots against Catholic rule in France, made Protestant religion viable in France

13. Catherine de Medici & the Guises 1. Catherine became regent to Francis II as Francis too young to rule independently 2. Attempts to reconcile Catholic vs Protestant issues failed, goal to preserve monarchy 3. 1562, issued January Edict, which granted Protestants right to worship publicaly outside towns-though to worship inside while in towns and hold synods(mtg of Protestant churches) 4. Duke of Guise surprised Protestant congregation at Vassy (Champaigne) and killed several worshippers 5. Beginning of French Wars of Religion Francis II Catherine de Medici Duke of Guise

14. The Peace of Saint-Germaine –en-Laye • Series of Wars: a. April 1562-March 1563 Duke of Guise assassinated b. 1567-1568 c. September 1568-August 1570 Louis I, Prince of Conde killed Huguenot leadership passed to Coligny

15. The Peace of Saint-Germaine –en-Laye 2. Peace of Saint-Germaine, 1570 French crown recognized Huguenot political & military power a. Huguenots granted religious freedom, right to fortify their own cities 3. Political intrigue as Catherine, a Catholic, sought to balance power between Huguenots & Bourbons a. she wanted to prevent Huguenot support for Dutch Protestants, including military assistance because Spain controlled the Netherlands, which would have meant war between France and Spain, and France was weaker. Queen Catherine de Medici

16. Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1. Catherine part of plot to kill Admiral Gaspard de Coligny as he was shot by assassin. a. convinced Charles, Holy Roman Emperor that Huguenot plot to take over France, inspired by Coligny, and to execute all Huguenot leaders 2. August 24, 1572, Coligny & 3,000 others butchered in Paris a. 20,000 killed overall in France by French Catholics b. Pope Gregory XIII & Philip of Spain greeted news with celebrations c. Philip happy as prevented France from interfering with Netherlands Protestants d. St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre became symbol of Catholic oppression over Protestants, world-wide

17. Protestant Resistance Theory 1. Protestant theory of active resistance against oppression a. Luther only approved active resistance after Diet of Augsburg, 1530 b. 1550, Lutherans published paper defending right of lower authorities to oppose Emperor’s order that all Lutherans return to Catholic fold c. Calvin taught that lower magistrates had right to oppose tyrannical higher authority d. John Knox, who suffered defeat at the hands of Mary, Queen of Scots, (Catholic) wrote First Blast of Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women (1558), declared removal of heathen tyrant was permissible & Christian duty

18. Protestant Resistance Theory 2. Francios Hotman wrote Franco-Gallia, 1573, based on theory that French Estates General held higher power than French Kings 3. Theodore Beza wrote On the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects, (1574), justified correction and even overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities 4. Philippe du Plessis Morney wrote Defense of Liberty against Tyrants, (1579), admonished princes, nobles, magistrates beneath king as guardians of the rights of the body politic, to take up arms against tyranny in other lands

19. The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre 1. Henry III of France (1574-1589), attempted to steer middle course between Huguenots & a radical Catholic League, formed in 1576 by Henry of Guise a. Henry received support from moderate Catholics & Huguenots who felt survival of France greater than religious civil war, this politique was prepared to offer compromise between religions 2. Peace of Beaulieu, May 1576, granted Huguenots almost complete religious freedom 3. Peace would not last as Catholic League forced Henry to return to quest for absolute religious unity in France a. Henry removed Peace of Beaulieu, October 1577, again limited Huguenot worship 4. Religious war once again between Catholics & Huguenots Henry III of France

20. The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre 5. “Day of the Barricades”, Henry’s attempt to route Catholic League failed, Henry fled Paris, reduced to fighting with guerrilla tactics against stronger opponent a. Had Duke & Cardinal of Guise assassinated upon hearing of English victory over Spanish Armada in 1588 b. Another Guise led Catholic League against Huguenots, another massacre similar to earlier St. Bart’s massacre c. Henry struck alliance with Henry of Navarre, Protestant 6. Henry III killed by Catholic Dominican Friar after which meant Henry of Navarre became Henry IV(1589-1610) 7. Spanish troops were sent to support French Catholic League as Spain and Pope did not want Protestant France a. Henry IV, popular with the troops, tired of religious fighting, focused on political peace over religious unity 8. July 25, 1593, publically abandoned Protestant faith, embraced traditional & majority religion of France “Paris is worth a mass”, as felt religious tolerance best way to achieve peace a. Protestants horrified, Pope Clement VIII skeptical, though French sided with Henry IV. b. Catholic League disbanded, 1596, Wars of Religion over Henry III of France Henry of Navarre(Henry IV)

21. The Wives of Henry VIII

22. I. Mary I (1553-1558): a. Catholic daughter of Henry VIII 1. married Philip II of Spain (Catholic country) 2. repealed Protestant statutes of Edward, reverted to Catholic practice of dad, Henry VIII 3. failure to flee oppressive laws against Protestants resulted in… -forced massed exodus of leading Protestants to continental Europe. -trial, conviction, death for heresy 4. would pass away due to illness, Elizabeth I, half-sister took throne England & Spain (1553-1603)

23. II. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1. daughter of Henry & Anne Boleyn 2. 1559 Act of Supremacy repealed all anti-Protestant laws enacted by Mary I… -Supreme Governor, both spiritual & temporal affairs -2nd book of Common Prayer to be used -Thirty-Nine Articles…moderate Protestantism official religion within Church of England -Elizabeth I to be Titular head of Church of England… continued to this day 3. would have Mary, Queen of Scots assassinated for attempting to kill Elizabeth Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

24. III. Elizabeth I of England(1553-1603) a. Elizabeth moderate Protestant (also politique) b. dealing with radical Protestants… 1. English Puritans upset at new church, wanted removal of all aspects of Roman mass from new church services 2. supported by Thomas Cartwright 3. creation of Presbyterian faith, approved by Parliament 4. Elizabeth opposed to Congregationalists 5. Conventicle Act of 1539…conform to Church of England, exile, of death if stayed in England Elizabeth I, the Puritans, and Spain

25. Elizabeth I, the Puritans, and Spain b. England & Spain 1. Spain attempted to have Philip II marry Elizabeth I after Mary I passed away (Philip I was married to Mary I) 2. direct attempts on Elizabeth’s life by Spanish Catholics (Spanish Ambassador) soured relations between England & Spain IV. May 1587, Spanish navy(armada) set sail to invade England after attacks on Spanish lands by Sir Francis Drake. 1. English and Dutch ships attacked Spanish fleet English wind,assisted in Spanish defeat

26. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

27. I. Pre-Conditions for War a. Germany 360 autonomous city-states 1. approximate equal division of Protestants & Catholics 2. Calvinism seen as a threat to Lutherans as not specified in Peace of Augsburg 3. Spanish league in Bavaria(southern Germany) powerful, against Lutherans, Calvinists b. Four Stages of Thirty Years’ War C. Bohemian Period (1618-1625): 1. Habsburg Ferdinand, king of Bohemia, Catholic, revoked Protestant rights, defenestration of Prague, as Protestants defied Ferdinand. 2. Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor, Bohemia defies him 3. war breaks out Catholic forces defeat Protestant forces at Battle of White Mountain(1620) Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

28. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) c. Danish Period (1625-1629): 1. Danish King Christian(Lutheran) took up banner to defend Protestants on Continent, much support a. army lost to German Catholic League army of Bavaria 2. Ferdinand army (Catholic) joined forces w/ mercenary Protestant army under Wallenstein fighting Danish forces 3. Protestant armies weak, Ferdinand re-asserted Catholic protections of Peace of Augsburg (Calvinism also illegal)

29. d. Swedish Period (1611-1632): 1. Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden (Lutheran), had assistance from French and Protestant Dutch 2. Swedish victory at Breitenfeld (1630) against Catholic forces a. new military tactics assisted Swedes against Catholic forces 3. Adolphus II died in battle, Battle of Lutzen (Wallenstein forces) 4. Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated over fears of taking over entire armies 5. Peace of Prague (1635) short–term peace between several Protestant states & Ferdinand Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

30. e. Swedish-French Period: 1. French entered war (1635) a. French, Spanish, Swedish soldiers fighting within Germany (region laid waste) b. 1/3 of entire German population killed during war 2. Treaty of Westphalia (1648): a. treaty written in French, not Latin. French to become international language b. Ferdinand laws (edicts) rescinded c. Peace of Augsburg re-instated d. Calvinists officially recognized e. Protestant Netherlands recognized f. Swiss states recognized g. Northern German state Brandenburg-Prussia most powerful 3. Fighting between French/Spanish until 1659. France won, Habsburg Spain never recovered Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)