1 / 36

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi. - Eukaryotic. Structure. Most are multicellular Hyphae = threadlike filaments Basic structural unit of a fungus Mycelium = network of hyphae Cell walls made of chitin ( pronounced “KY-ten” ) Few unicellular species (i.e. yeasts). Structure cont…. Heterotrophic

Download Presentation

Kingdom Fungi

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Kingdom Fungi - Eukaryotic

  2. Structure • Most are multicellular • Hyphae = threadlike filaments • Basic structural unit of a fungus • Mycelium = network of hyphae • Cell walls made of chitin (pronounced “KY-ten”) • Few unicellular species (i.e. yeasts)

  3. Structure cont… • Heterotrophic • Extracellular digestion; use enzymes • Decomposers = saprophyte (live off dead things) • “sapro” = dead in Latin • Parasites = absorb nutrients from living host • Haustoria = specialized hyphae that penetrate & grow in the host cells • Mutualism = helps themselves & the host • i.e. – roots of plants (see also mycorrhizae)

  4. Structure: Reproduction • Asexual • Fragmentation = pieces break off and form new whole fungi • Budding = mitosis causes a new individual to form; eventually it separates from the parent • Sexual • Spores • Produced by sporangia (sac in which spores are made) • Often the only part of a fungus you can see

  5. Adaptations for Survival • Spores are very lightweight • Huge numbers are produced from 1 parent • Spread by many different ways (water, wind, birds, insects)

  6. Types of Fungi Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

  7. Phylum Zygomycota“Zygomycetes” • 1500 species • i.e. bread mold = Rhizopusstolonifer • Mainly decomposers • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Asexual reproduction with spores • Sexual reproduction with thick-walled spores • Stolons = hyphae that grow horizontally along the surface of a food source • Rhizoids = hyphae that grow vertically down into a food source • Forms zygospores = thick-walled sexual spores that are adapted to withstand unfavorable conidtions

  8. Reproduction in Zygomycota

  9. Phylum Ascomycota “Sac Fungi” • 30,000 species = largest group • i.e. morels & truffles • i.e. plant diseases = apple scab & dutch elm disease • Animal diseases = yeast infection, ring worm • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Ascus = sac-like structure in which sexual spores are produced • Ascospores = spores that develop in the ascus • Conidiophores = hyphae that rise up from the mycelium • Conidia = asexual spores that develop from the tips of the conidiophores • Produce spores in groups of 8; are haploid

  10. Ascomycota cont… • Unicellular fungus = yeasts • Reproduce asexually by budding • Important for baking and brewing • Also important in genetics; have large chromosomes • Vaccine for hepatitis B = splicing human genes with yeast cells

  11. Phylum Basidiomycota“Club Fungi” • 25, 000 species = most familiar • i.e. pizza mushroom = Agaricusbisporus • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Basidia = club-shaped hyphae in which sexual spores are produced • Usually produces a short-lived reproductive structure • i.e. mushroom cap & stalk • Basidiospores = sexual spores produced by the basidia • Produce spores in groups of 4; are diploid

  12. Phylum Deteromycota “Incomplete Fungi” • 25, 000 species = no known sexual stage in life cycle • i.e. Penicillium = antibiotics • Only asexual reproduction; sexual stage has not been observed by a mycologist • “myco” = fungus “ologist” = one who studies • Uses = making soy sauce; Penicillin, citric acid  gives soft drinks, candies & jellies their tart flavor; used to make blue-veined cheeses

  13. Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi Both organisms benefit from the relationship

  14. Mycorrhizae • Symbiotic relationship in which a fungus lives in close relationship with roots • Fungal partner is usually from basidiomycota; some are from zygomycota • Fungus increases the amount of nutrients that move into the plant by increasing the absorbing surface area of the plant’s roots • i.e. Copper & Phosphorous

  15. Mycorrhizae cont… • Also may help maintain water in the soil around the plant • Fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant • i.e. sugars & amino acids • 80-90% of all plant species have a mycorrhizae associated with their root systems • Relationship makes plants larger & more productive • Some plant species cannot survive without them! • i.e. orchid seeds will not germinate into a plant without a mycorrhizal fungus to provide them with H2O and nutrients.

  16. Lichens • 20,000 species of lichens • Symbiotic association between a fungus and a green algae • Fungal partner is usually from Ascomycota • Fungus forms a tangled web of hyphae in which the algae grow • Forms a spongy structure that looks like 1 organism. • Grow very slowly – very large lichens are thought to be thousands of years old

  17. Lichens cont… • Need only light, air, and minerals to grow • Photosynthetic green algae provides itself & the fungus with energy/food • Fungus retains moisture and absorbs minerals • Can live in harsh & barren habitats • Usually among the first organisms to live in an area • i.e. arid deserts, on bare rocks in the hot sun or bitter cold winds; just below the timber line on mountain peaks; and in the arctic tundra!

  18. Fossils • Fossils show how fungi evolved • Fossils of fungi are rare because they’re made of soft material (chitin isn’t as durable as cellulose) • Oldest fossils of fungi are 450-500 million years old

  19. COMMON MUSHROOM CAP GILLS VEIL STALK CUP MYCELLIAL THREADS

  20. Kingdom Fungi (test review) - Eukaryotic

  21. Structure • Most are multicellular • Hyphae = threadlike filaments • Basic structural unit of a fungus • Mycelium = network of hyphae • Cell walls made of chitin(pronounced “KY-ten”) • Few unicellular species (i.e. yeasts)

  22. Structure cont… • Heterotrophic • Extracellular digestion; use enzymes • Decomposers = saprophyte (live off dead things) • “sapro” = dead in Latin • Parasites = absorb nutrients from living host • Haustoria = specialized hyphae that penetrate & grow in the host cells • Mutualism = helps themselves & the host • i.e. – roots of plants (see also mycorrhizae)

  23. Structure: Reproduction • Asexual • Fragmentation = pieces break off and form new whole fungi • Budding = mitosis causes a new individual to form; eventually it separates from the parent • Sexual • Spores • Produced by sporangia (sac in which spores are made) • Often the only part of a fungus you can see

  24. Adaptations for Survival • Spores are very lightweight • Huge numbers are produced from 1 parent • Spread by many different ways (water, wind, birds, insects)

  25. Types of Fungi Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

  26. Phylum Zygomycota“Zygomycetes” • 1500 species • i.e. bread mold = Rhizopusstolonifer • Mainly decomposers • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Asexual reproduction with spores • Sexual reproduction with thick-walled spores • Stolons = hyphae that grow horizontallyalong the surface of a food source • Rhizoids = hyphae that grow vertically down into a food source • Forms zygospores = thick-walled sexual spores that are adapted to withstand unfavorable conidtions

  27. Phylum Ascomycota “Sac Fungi” • 30,000 species = largest group • i.e. morels & truffles • i.e. plant diseases = apple scab & dutch elm disease • Animal diseases = yeast infection, ring worm • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Ascus = sac-like structure in which sexual spores are produced • Ascospores = spores that develop in the ascus • Conidiophores = hyphae that rise up from the mycelium • Conidia = asexual spores that develop from the tips of the conidiophores • Produce spores in groups of 8; are haploid

  28. Ascomycota cont… • Unicellular fungus = yeasts • Reproduce asexually by budding • Important for baking and brewing • Also important in genetics; have large chromosomes • Vaccine for hepatitis B = splicing human genes with yeast cells

  29. Phylum Basidiomycota“Club Fungi” • 25, 000 species = most familiar • i.e. pizza mushroom = Agaricusbisporus • Both sexual and asexual stages of life cycle • Basidia = club-shaped hyphae in which sexual spores are produced • Usually produces a short-lived reproductive structure • i.e. mushroom cap & stalk • Basidiospores = sexual spores produced by the basidia • Produce spores in groups of 4; are diploid

  30. Phylum Deteromycota “Incomplete Fungi” • 25, 000 species = no known sexual stage in life cycle • i.e. Penicillium = antibiotics • Only asexual reproduction; sexual stage has not been observed by a mycologist • “myco” = fungus “ologist” = one who studies • Uses = making soy sauce; Penicillin, citric acid  gives soft drinks, candies & jellies their tart flavor; used to make blue-veined cheeses

  31. Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi Both organisms benefit from the relationship

  32. Mycorrhizae • Symbiotic relationship in which a fungus lives in close relationship with roots • Fungal partner is usually from basidiomycota; some are from zygomycota • Fungus increases the amount of nutrients that move into the plant by increasing the absorbing surface area of the plant’s roots • i.e. Copper & Phosphorous

  33. Mycorrhizae cont… • Also may help maintain water in the soil around the plant • Fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant • i.e. sugars & amino acids • 80-90% of all plant species have a mycorrhizae associated with their root systems • Relationship makes plants larger & more productive • Some plant species cannot survive without them! • i.e. orchid seeds will not germinate into a plant without a mycorrhizal fungus to provide them with H2O and nutrients. • Also may help maintain water in the soil around the plant • Fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant • i.e. sugars & amino acids • 80-90% of all plant species have a mycorrhizae associated with their root systems • Relationship makes plants larger & more productive • Some plant species cannot survive without them! • i.e. orchid seeds will not germinate into a plant without a mycorrhizal fungus to provide them with H2O and nutrients.

  34. Lichens • 20,000 species of lichens • Symbiotic association between a fungus and a green algae • Fungal partner is usually from Ascomycota • Fungus forms a tangled web of hyphae in which the algae grow • Forms a spongy structure that looks like 1 organism. • Grow very slowly – very large lichens are thought to be thousands of years old

  35. Lichens cont… • Need only light, air, and minerals to grow • Photosynthetic green algae provides itself & the fungus with energy/food • Fungus retains moisture and absorbs minerals • Can live in harsh & barren habitats • Usually among the first organisms to live in an area • i.e. arid deserts, on bare rocks in the hot sun or bitter cold winds; just below the timber line on mountain peaks; and in the arctic tundra!

  36. Fossils • Fossils show how fungi evolved • Fossils of fungi are rare because they’re made of soft material (chitin isn’t as durable as cellulose) • Oldest fossils of fungi are 450-500 million years old

More Related