Memory – Introduction and Application

1. Memory – Introduction and Application • Three stages of processing an event • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Factors that can affect memory in these • three stages • Encoding stage factors • Violence, Unconscious Transference, Divided • Attention • Storage stage factors • Time factors • Retrieval stage factors • Expectations, Misremembering

3. Three Steps in Processing an Important Event: • The encoding stage--perception of the original • event • The storage stage--time between the event • and the recollection of a piece of information • The retrieval stage--recall of the stored information

4. Encoding Stage Factors: Violence • Weapons Focus - Loftus. • Violence towards a Child - Loftus and Burns Unconscious Transference • Donald Thompson - falsely accused • Robbery in the Cafeteria - Ross and Ceci Divided Attention

5. Storage Stage Factors Time Factors • A Self Test • How Long Before We Forget?-Shepherd

6. Shepard Results 99.7% 92% 87% % Recalled 57.7% 2 Hrs. 3 Days 7 Days 4 Mths.

7. Retrieval Stage Factors Expectations • Telephone game - Allport and Postman Mis-remembering • Mis-remembering and the • Just Desserts Case • Misinformation Effect - Loftus

8. Three Experimental Situations in the Misinformation Paradigm (Loftus) • Subjects view an event • Subjects are exposed to (misleading) • information about the event • Subjects recall the event to see if the • misleading information has had an effect

9. How fast were the cars going when they ******* each other? Contacted Hit Bumped Collided into Smashed into

10. Loftus 1 Speed estimates for the different verbs used in the witness question 41mph 39mph 38mph Estimated Speed 34mph 32mph Contacted Hit Bumped Collided Smashed