Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life

1. Chapter 1: Biology: Exploring Life

2. What is Biology? The study of life or living organisms.

3. Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Brain Nerve Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Atom Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ Systems Organs Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom

4. Levels of Organization(large scale) • Ecosystem • Both living organisms and non-living or physical components of environment in a particular area

5. Levels of Organization(large scale) • Community • All interacting organisms in an area (living component only)

6. Levels of Organization Population Individuals of one species living in same area

7. Levels of Organization • Individual • One organism

8. Levels of Organization (within an Individual) • Organ Systems • group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions • excretory, nervous

9. liver Levels of Organization (within an Individual) • Organs • structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions • liver, intestine

10. Levels of Organization(within an Individual) • Tissues • integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both Bone tissue

11. Levels of Organization(within an Individual) • Cell • Unit of living matter separated from environment by its membrane red blood cell

12. Levels of Organization(within an Individual) • Molecule • Cluster of atoms DNA, lipid, carbohydrate

13. Levels of Organization(within an Individual) • Atom • Smallest particle of ordinary matter

14. Emergent properties • New properties that emerge with each step in the hierarchy of life • e.g., birth rate, death rate is studied at population level, not organismal level or molecular level

15. Interconnected Webs • producers • photosynthetic organisms • provide food for others • consumers • eat plants or other animals • decomposers • act as recyclers, breaking down dead matter to simple mineral nutrients

16. Sunlight Ecosystem Producers (such as plants) Cycling of chemical nutrients Heat Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) Heat

17. Cells: structural functional units of life • Cells- • most basic unit of life • can perform all functions necessary for life.

18. Common Features of All Life • Properties All Life Has in Common • Order • Regulation • Growth and development • Energy processing • Response to Environment • Reproduction • Evolutionary adaptation

19. Three Domains of Life • taxonomy • branch of biology that names & classifies species

20. Three Domains of Life • Domain • Highest level of taxonomic classification used by biologists • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya prokaryotes

21. Bacteria

22. Archaea

23. In Prokaryotes, the cells do not have a nucleus

24. Eukarya • Cells DO have nucleus • Includes all organisms except prokaryotes Plantae Fungi Animalia

25. Unifying Theory Of Biology • Theory • Comprehensive idea that has great explanatory power • Evolution • Heritable changes that have produced Earth’s diversity of organisms • proceeds through process of natural selection

26. Charles Darwin • Wrote: “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

27. Charles Darwin • Two main concepts: • species living today descended from ancestral species • natural selection occurs as heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor reproductive success of some individuals over others

28. Natural Selection • Inherited traits favor reproductive success of some individuals over others in a changing environment

29. Populations with varied inherited traits 1 Elimination of individuals with certain traits 2 Reproduction of survivors 3

30. Natural Selection • Important Components • Variation or variability in inherited traits in a population • Environmental Factors • Reproductive Success of Some Individuals

31. Natural Selection The process of natural selection leads to ADAPTATIONS. evolutionary adaptation- inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

32. Name Those Adaptations Polar Bear

33. Name Those Adaptations Bats

34. Name Those Adaptations Dolphin

35. Name Those Adaptations • platypus

36. Name Those Adaptations • Three-toed sloth

37. Name Those Adaptations • Flamingo

38. Name Those Adaptations • Rattlesnake

39. Name Those Adaptations • Tiger

40. So why do we do it? Science is Latin for “to know”

41. The Process of Science • First Approach • Discovery science • Scientists describe some aspect of the world • use inductive reasoning, to draw general conclusions

42. What is Inductive Reasoning? • Take a lot of observations and from these draw general conclusions • Specific to general

43. The Process of Science • Second Approach • Hypothesis Driven • Use deductive reasoning • Propose hypothesis • Make deductions leading to predictions • Then test hypothesis

44. What is Deductive Reasoning? • “if, then” statements • From general ideas to specific observations • Opposite of inductive

45. The Scientific Method • Observation • Questions • Hypotheses • Predictions • Tests

46. The Flying SquirrelStep 1: An Observation When flying squirrels land on a tree they scramble to the other side.

47. Step 2: The Question • Why do they do that? Or more specifically why do flying squirrels always move to the opposite side of the tree when they land?

48. Step 3 Hypothesis Squirrels move around tree to prevent predation Alternative Hypothesis: Move around tree to avoid bright moonlight.

49. Hypothesis • Tentative answer to a question • An “educated guess” Alternative Hypothesis • Another possible explanation or answer to a question

50. Step 4: Predictions • If squirrels move around the tree to avoid predation, then squirrels that do NOT move will be preyed on and those that do move will not be preyed on. • If the squirrel move around tree to avoid light then if we observe them landing on the dark side they should NOT move.