1 / 34

Outline

Outline. Endocrine Glands Pheromones Steroid Hormones Peptide Hormones Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Gonads. The Human Endocrine System. Chemical Signals. Pheromones

ivory
Download Presentation

Outline

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Hormones & the Endocrine System

  2. Outline • Endocrine Glands • Pheromones • Steroid Hormones • Peptide Hormones • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland • Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal • Pancreas • Gonads

  3. The Human Endocrine System

  4. Chemical Signals • Pheromones • Chemical signals that work at a distance between individuals • A woman’s axillary extract can alter another woman’s menstrual cycle • Hormones • Chemical signals that work • At a distance between organs, or • Locally between adjacent cells

  5. Target Cell Concept

  6. Action of Hormones • Hormones • Chemical signals produced by one cell that regulate the metabolism of other cells • Steroid Hormones • Can cross cell membranes • Peptide Hormones • Most bind to receptor in plasma membrane • First Messenger • Causes internal release of cAMP • Second Messenger

  7. Peptide Hormone

  8. Steroid Hormone

  9. Human Endocrine System • Endocrine glands • Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream • Most endocrine hormones are peptides • Only gonads and adrenal cortex produce steroid hormones • Effects of hormones are moderated in two ways • Negative feedback opposes release • Antagonistic hormones oppose each other’s actions

  10. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland • Hypothalamus regulates internal environment • Acts through autonomic system • Also controls glandular secretions of pituitary gland • Posterior Pituitary • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) • Controlled by negative feedback • Oxytocin • Controlled by positive feedback • Anterior Pituitary • Hypothalamus controls by producing • Hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and • Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

  11. Hypothalamus and the Pituitary

  12. Anterior Pituitary Hormones • Anterior pituitary hormones that affect other glands: • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) • Gonadotropic Hormones • Anterior pituitary hormones that do NOT affect other glands • Prolactin (PRL) • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) • Growth Hormone (GH)

  13. Effect of Growth Hormone

  14. Acromegaly

  15. Thyroid Glands • Composed of large number of follicles filled with • Triiodothyronine (T3), and • Thyroxine (T4) • Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate • Thyroid-induced abnormalities • Simple goiter - Poor hormone production • Cretinism - Poor thyroid development • Myxedema - Hypothyroidism • Exophthalmic goiter - Hyperthyroidism

  16. Simple Goiter

  17. Cretinism

  18. Calcitonin • Regulates blood calcium level (in part) • Secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium level rises • Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones • Low calcium level in blood stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Parathyroid hormone causes • Phosphate level in blood to decrease, and • Calcium level in blood to increase • Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to tetany

  19. Regulation of Blood Calcium Level

  20. Adrenal Glands • Paired – One sits atop each kidney (ad-renal) • Each consists of outer cortex and inner medulla • Inner portion, the adrenal medulla • Produces • Epinephrine, and • Norepinephrine • Short-term response to stress (fight or flight) • Outer portion, adrenal cortex • Produces • Mineralocorticoids, and • Glucocorticoids • Long-term response to stress

  21. Adrenal Glands

  22. Glucocorticoids • Cortisol • Raises blood glucose level • Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids • Promotes metabolism of fatty acids • Counteracts inflammatory response

  23. Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone • Promotes two renal functions: • Absorption of sodium, and • Excretion of potassium • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system • Raises blood pressure • Angiotensin II constricts arterioles • Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium (causing water retention) • Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is antagonistic to aldosterone

  24. Regulation ofBlood Pressure and Volume

  25. Addison Disease

  26. Cushing Syndrome

  27. Pancreas • Made up up exocrine and endocrine tissue • Endocrine Portion of the Pancreas: • Consists of pancreatic islets • Produce and secrete • Insulin • Secreted during high blood glucose level • Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells • Glucagon • Secreted during low blood glucose level • Stimulates liver to break down glycogen • Exocrine Portion of the Pancreas: • Secretes enzymes and buffers into intestine

  28. Regulation of Blood Glucose Level

  29. Other Endocrine Glands • Gonads • Testes • Produce testosterone • Secondary sex characteristics • Ovaries • Produce estrogen and progesterone • Reproduction • Secondary sex characteristics

  30. The Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use

  31. Other Endocrine Glands • Pineal Gland • Produces melatonin • Involved in Circadian rhythms • Thymus Gland • Secrete thymosins • Aid in differentiation of lymphocytes • Prostaglandins • Produced within cells • Not distributed in blood

  32. Melatonin Production

  33. Review • Endocrine Glands • Pheromones • Steroid Hormones • Peptide Hormones • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland • Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal • Pancreas • Gonads

  34. Hormones & the Endocrine System

More Related