Personality

1. Personality

2. What Is Personality? An individual�s unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and across situations Stable, enduring differences

3. Humanistic Personality Theories Humanistic theories stress the potential for growth and change. Focus on here and now, rather than the past We are responsible for our own lives. Given reasonable conditions, people develop in socially desirable directions. Rooted in Adler�s concept of striving for perfectionFocus on here and now, rather than the past We are responsible for our own lives. Given reasonable conditions, people develop in socially desirable directions. Rooted in Adler�s concept of striving for perfection

4. Carl Rogers

5. Carl Rogers Self-actualizing tendency The drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts Fully functioning person An individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn potentials Actualizing tendency: The drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming Self-actualizing tendency: The drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts Fully functioning person: An individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn potentials Unconditional positive regard: The full acceptance and love of another person regardless of that person�s behavior Conditional positive regard: Acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways and fulfilling certain conditions Actualizing tendency: The drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming Self-actualizing tendency: The drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts Fully functioning person: An individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn potentials Unconditional positive regard: The full acceptance and love of another person regardless of that person�s behavior Conditional positive regard: Acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways and fulfilling certain conditions

6. Helped along with unconditional positive regard, instead of Conditional positive regard

7. Trait Theories Words we use to describe friends People differ according to the degree to which they possess certain personality traits.

8. Gordon Allport 17,953

9. Ooops 17,954

10. The Big Five Dimensions Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) Openness to Experience Extroversion Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions Agreeableness Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness Conscientiousness/dependability Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation Emotional stability Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability Openness to experience/culture/intellect Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values Some evidence for genetic basis in twin studies; although results are not conclusive and tend to contribute (very roughly) 40 up to 60% of personalityExtroversion Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions Agreeableness Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness Conscientiousness/dependability Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation Emotional stability Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability Openness to experience/culture/intellect Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values Some evidence for genetic basis in twin studies; although results are not conclusive and tend to contribute (very roughly) 40 up to 60% of personality

11. Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement Seeking Positive Emotion

12. Sample Extraversion items I am the life of the party. I don't mind being the center of attention. I feel comfortable around people. I start conversations. I talk to a lot of different people at parties. I am quiet around strangers. (reversed) I don't like to draw attention to myself. (reversed) I don't talk a lot. (reversed) I have little to say. (reversed)

13. Agreeableness 1. Trust 2. Straightforwardness 3. Altruism 4. Compliance 5. Modesty 6. Tendermindedness

14. Sample Agreeableness items I am interested in people. I feel others� emotions. I have a soft heart. I make people feel at ease. I sympathize with others� feelings. I take time out for others. I am not interested in other people�s problems. (reversed) I am not really interested in others. (reversed) I feel little concern for others. (reversed) I insult people. (reversed)

15. Conscientiousness 1. Competence 2. Order 3. Dutifulness 4. Achievement Striving 5. Self-Discipline 6. Deliberation

16. Sample Conscientiousness items I am always prepared. I am exacting in my work. I follow a schedule. I get chores done right away. I like order. I pay attention to details. I leave my belongings around. (reversed) I make a mess of things. (reversed) I often forget to put things back in their proper place. (reversed) I shirk my duties. (reversed)

17. Neuroticism 1. Anxiety 2. Hostility 3. Depression 4. Self-Consciousness 5. Impulsiveness 6. Vulnerability to Stress

18. Sample Neuroticism items I am easily disturbed. I change my mood a lot. I get irritated easily. I get stressed out easily. I get upset easily. I have frequent mood swings. I often feel blue. I worry about things. I am relaxed most of the time. (reversed) I seldom feel blue.(reversed

19. Openness to Experience Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Actions Ideas Values

20. Sample Openness items I am full of ideas. I am quick to understand things. I have a rich vocabulary. I have a vivid imagination. I have excellent ideas. I spend time reflecting on things. I use difficult words. I am not interested in abstract ideas. (reversed) I do not have a good imagination. (reversed) I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. (reversed)

21. The Biggest of the Big Five Conscientiousness

22. Psychodynamic Theories Much of mental life is unconscious Mental processes can be in conflict Personality patterns start in childhood experience See behavior as the result of psychological dynamics within the individual Much of mental life is unconscious Mental processes can be in conflict Personality patterns start in childhood experiences How we think of others guides our interactions with them Personality involves learning to self-regulate Sexual, aggressive feelings Socially interdependent rather than dependencySee behavior as the result of psychological dynamics within the individual Much of mental life is unconscious Mental processes can be in conflict Personality patterns start in childhood experiences How we think of others guides our interactions with them Personality involves learning to self-regulate Sexual, aggressive feelings Socially interdependent rather than dependency

23. Sigmund Freud

26. Freud�s Structure of Personality Id: The collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression Source of all energy Functions entirely in unconscious Libido: A form of psychic energy; The energy generated by the sexual drive Pleasure principle: The way the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct Ego: The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego Operates at all three levels Reality principle: The way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world Superego: The social and parental standards the individual has internalized Operates at all three levels The superego strives toward perfection, which is unrealistic Note that most of mental life is on an unconscious (unaware) levelId: The collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression Source of all energy Functions entirely in unconscious Libido: A form of psychic energy; The energy generated by the sexual drive Pleasure principle: The way the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct Ego: The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of reality, the id, and superego Operates at all three levels Reality principle: The way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world Superego: The social and parental standards the individual has internalized Operates at all three levels The superego strives toward perfection, which is unrealistic Note that most of mental life is on an unconscious (unaware) level

27. ID Pleasure Principle EGO Reality Principle SUPEREGO Morality Principle Pride Guilt

32. Hey � we�re about to talk about Erogenous Zones

33. How Personality Develops Freud�s psychosexual stages: Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Freud�s psychosexual stages explains personality development in terms of how we satisfy our sexual instincts during the course of our life Oral stage First stage of personality development in which the infant�s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue Anal stage At this stage a child�s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Conflict arises as parents make efforts to toilet train the child This conflict is stressful to the child and may lead to an anal fixation Phallic stage Erotic feelings center on the genitals Oedipus complex and Electra complex: A child�s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex Latency stage A period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex Genital stage The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality Fixation: A partial or complete halt at some point in the individual�s psychosexual development Freud�s psychosexual stages explains personality development in terms of how we satisfy our sexual instincts during the course of our life Oral stage First stage of personality development in which the infant�s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue Anal stage At this stage a child�s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Conflict arises as parents make efforts to toilet train the child This conflict is stressful to the child and may lead to an anal fixation Phallic stage Erotic feelings center on the genitals Oedipus complex and Electra complex: A child�s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex Latency stage A period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex Genital stage The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality Fixation: A partial or complete halt at some point in the individual�s psychosexual development

36. Oedipus and Electra

37. How Personality Develops Freud�s psychosexual stages: Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage (Oedipus and Electra conflicts) Latency stage Genital stage Overcoming fixation at each stage Freud�s psychosexual stages explains personality development in terms of how we satisfy our sexual instincts during the course of our life Oral stage First stage of personality development in which the infant�s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue Anal stage At this stage a child�s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Conflict arises as parents make efforts to toilet train the child This conflict is stressful to the child and may lead to an anal fixation Phallic stage Erotic feelings center on the genitals Oedipus complex and Electra complex: A child�s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex Latency stage A period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex Genital stage The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality Fixation: A partial or complete halt at some point in the individual�s psychosexual development Freud�s psychosexual stages explains personality development in terms of how we satisfy our sexual instincts during the course of our life Oral stage First stage of personality development in which the infant�s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue Anal stage At this stage a child�s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Conflict arises as parents make efforts to toilet train the child This conflict is stressful to the child and may lead to an anal fixation Phallic stage Erotic feelings center on the genitals Oedipus complex and Electra complex: A child�s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex Latency stage A period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex Genital stage The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality Fixation: A partial or complete halt at some point in the individual�s psychosexual development

39. Objective Tests Standardized tests Common in trait research Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire NEO-PI-R (for the Big Five) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF): A personality test created by Cattell that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified NEO-PI-R Big 5 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): The most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF): A personality test created by Cattell that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified NEO-PI-R Big 5 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): The most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis

40. Projective Tests Use of ambiguous stimuli Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach test A test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to create a complete story Rorschach test A test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to create a complete story