Islam and Muhammad

1. Islam and Muhammad By Ms. Escalante

2. Muhammad the Prophet • At 40 years old Muhammad, was visited by the angel Gabriel. • The angel told him that he would be the messenger of god. • Muhammad then became a prophetpreaching that there is no God But Allah.

3. Muhammad Begins Preaching • Muhammad at little success at first. • He in 622 AD Muhammad fled to Yathrib later called Medina. This migration was called the Hijrah. • Medina means the city of the prophet. • Muhammad won many converts.

4. Muhammad’s Leadership • In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 Muhammad’s followers return to Mecca. • Muhammad forced Mecca to surrender. • Muhammad forgave the Meccans and went to the Ka’aba. • He dedicated the shrine to Allah.

5. Muhammad Death • Muhammad was a religious leader but also a political and military leader. • Muhammad ruled over Medina and by the time of his death in 632AD, • he unified much of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam. • Muhammad ruled for over 20 years and now a successor needed to be chosen.

6. After Muhammad’s Death • Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed how to choose a leader after his death. • Panic spread throughout the Muslim community. • Muhammad’s father in law and friend, Abu Bakr was a respected for his devotion to Muhammad and was chosen as a Muhammad’s successor.

7. Abu Bakr • In 632, Abu Bakr became the first caliph. • He promised muslims that he would closely follow Muhammad’s example. • Some clans abandoned Islam and refused to follow Abu Bakr and refused to pay taxes. • During his two years as leader he used military force to unite the muslim community.

8. Abu Bakr’s Leadership • Abu Bakr brought central Arabia under Muslim control and conquered land including Iraq and Syria. • He ordered that all the teachings of Muhammad should be recorded into a single work, or book which became known as the Holy Qur’an. 
 • The Sunnah is another holy book which are Muhammad’s guides to a proper living.

9. The First Four Caliphs • The next three caliphs were Umar, Uthman, and Ali. • The first four caliphs used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions to guide them. • The caliphs called themselves the “rightly guided caliphs” • This rule was called the caliphate.

10. Muslim Empire Expands • The first four caliphs expanded the empire nearly four times its original size. • Many people converted to Islam because of its idea of equality and hope for salvation. • There was also an economic benefit that no Muslim paid certain taxes.

11. Umayyad's Seize Power • In 656, a group of rebels opposed the leadership of Uthman and murdered him. • Uthman’s murder started a civil war. • Muhammad’s cousin Ali, was next to succeed but was assassinated. • A family known as the Umayyad's took power and set up a hereditary dynasty. This meant rulers would come from the family.

12. Muslim Community Splits • The Umayyads moved the capital from Medina to Demascus. • Some people thought the Umayyad’s had abandoned the bedoin way of life established by Muhammad and surrounded themselves with luxury. • Muslims were divided into two groups: Shi’a and Sunnis • The Shi’a believed that the caliph should be arelative of the Prophet Muhammad. • The Sunnis were those who did not resist the Umayyad’s and accepted the rule of theelected caliphs. • This split caused the Umayyad caliphate to collapse.