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nutrient deficiencies. not enough protein (COMPLETE protein). protein deficiency -- kwashiorkor. kwashiorkor = protein deficiency they are NOT fat bellies! not getting enough COMPLETE PROTEINS gas/fluid buildup due to autolysis (body breaks down its own proteins).
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protein deficiency -- kwashiorkor • kwashiorkor = protein deficiency • they are NOT fat bellies! • not getting enough COMPLETE PROTEINS • gas/fluid buildup • due to autolysis (body breaks down its own proteins)
complementary proteins • there are 20 amino acids • 8 of these CANNOT be made by the body • therefore they MUST be in diet • without these, proteins cannot be built • person becomes malnourished • EVEN IF THEY ARE GETTING “LOTS” OF PROTEIN
comp prot 2 • animal proteins usually have all 8 essential aa’s • (called “complete” proteins) • however sometimes can’t get animal protein • plant foods may be high in protein • however, most plants are missing one or more essential aa
caloric deficiency = marasmus • severe deficiency of overall calories (energy) = marasmus • severe wasting (atrophy) of body tissues due to starvation • for infants, even if they are restored to “health,” they might never be able to overcome the damage to their brains
the voyage of Vasco de Gama 1497 - 1499
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (scurvy) • collagen (protein) can’t be built • gums deteriorate • teeth fall out • may lead to gangrene in the jaw
Scurvy symptoms: • gingivitis (inflammation of gums) • perifollicular hemorrhages (blood spots around hair follicles) • hemorrhages under fingernails
scurvy • vit C deficiency • vit C = ascorbic acid • needed to make collagen • collagen is a protein • needed for hair, cartilage, blood vessels • inflamed gums – teeth loosen and fall out • antioxidant • reduced in smokers (and in those inhaling much CO) • 1747 first documentation of treating sailors with citrus (hence “limeys”)
night blindness normally.... with night blindness....
night blindness • early stage of vit A deficiency • vit A is needed in the retina • vit A helps “recharge” ability of retina cells • eyes take much longer to react to changes in brightness • most noticeable at night after bright flash
vitamin A deficiency • vit A also maintains our “wet surfaces” • eyes, mouth lining, nasal passages, mucous membranes • severe defic = eyes dry out • leads to complete cornea destruction • and permanent blindness
goiter (iodine deficiency) • thyroid gland makes hormone thyroxin • thyroxin controls BMR (basal metabolic rate) (how fast you burn food) • thyroxin needs iodine • if iodine not present, thyroid keeps trying harder to make hormone • but body doesn’t GET any functioning hormone • therefore body keeps sending message: make more thyroxin! • now, iodine usually added to SALT
rickets • caused by lack of vit D • or lack of calcium • vit D needed to get calcium from diet into bones • usually linked to general malnutrition
severe limb deformation particularly in long bones of leg
if it can be caught in time for a young person • high regular doses of calcium and Vit D can reverse changes (partially) • (note growth chart in background)
american south, depression (1929 - 1939, or later) • note severe erosion (dustbowl conditions) • rickets • malnutrition • poverty
molecules > society • movement to cities (away from farms) 1920s-1950s • decreased sunlight, decreased vit D intake • increased # women with rickets • deformities in pelvis inability to deliver babies • led to increased caesarian section deliveries • increased attention to the is medical procedure • issue #2: rickets usually linked to poverty
nutrition in captivity often very different from nutrition in the wild
beriberi • deficiency of thiamin (B1) • numbness/tingling/burning in fingers and toes • weakness/paralysis of legs • myelin degeneration (sheathing around the nerves) • heart muscle breaks down • may lead to heart failure (usual cause of death)
beriberi • fatal if untreated • reversible if treated in time • present in rice – but removed by milling • “rice eater’s disease” • also in infants if breast-fed by mother deficient in B1 • now almost only occurrence is in chronic alcoholics
beriberi • southeast asia • prison camps • fishing boats • people lost in wild
pellagra • The “Four D’s: • Diarrhea • Dermatitis • Dementia • Death • deficiency of niacin (vit B3) • often associated with diet with only maize/millet • rash in sun-exposed areas of skin • collar (Casal’s Necklace) • hyperpigmentation • schizophrenia-like mental disorders • poverty-related
tongue becomes smooth • then cracks and becomes infected note “collar” where shirt allows sun exposure