1 / 31

The American Psychological Association (APA)

The American Psychological Association (APA) . Created by The Writing Center Owens Community College. General Principles of Expository Writing. Present ideas in a logical, orderly fashion Introduction Method Background Conclusion

jadzia
Download Presentation

The American Psychological Association (APA)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The American Psychological Association (APA) Created by The Writing Center Owens Community College

  2. General Principles of Expository Writing • Present ideas in a logical, orderly fashion Introduction Method Background Conclusion • Use punctuation to clarify ideas • Use transitions to connect ideas • Stay focused on one topic, person and verb tense

  3. Use Economic Expression • Use technical words of your discipline • Be direct • Say it once clearly • Support with facts

  4. Cite Sources for Support and to: • Avoid Plagiarism • Give Credit Appropriately • Advance Knowledge Base • Make Research Easier for Future Scholars

  5. When Do I Cite Sources? • Direct Quotation • Schrope (2009) reports that subjects in the study “should have been fully informed of the possible negative effects” (p. 253). • Paraphrase • Schrope (2009) further demonstrates the potential dangers and biases in the elimination of stem cell research (p.254). • Summarize (Author unnamed) • In the view of one critic (Schrope, 2009), the subjects were placed in more danger than is acceptable in this type of experiment.

  6. What is a Direct Quotation? • A direct quotation is a group of words or sentences that you copy word for word and use as a part of your essay. Example: “The scientific method has well-known and important advantages” (Schrope,2009, p. 24).

  7. What is a Summary? • If your source is unnecessarily detailed, you may put the information entirely in your own words. Example: Student test scores tend to correlate strongly with amount of time spent studying (Marigold, 2006).

  8. What is a Paraphrase? • A paraphrase is restating a section of text in your own words. • Length and sentence structure will be similar to the original.

  9. In-text Citations • Three Components of In-text Citations • Authors’ Last Name(s) • Year Source was Published • Page Number (if using direct quotations)

  10. In-text Citations—Examples • Verner (2009) noted that interviews are very common when conducting research. • Verner (2009) noted that “the most common form of interview is the person-to-person encounter” (p. 71). • Consider that “the most common form of interview is the person-to-person encounter” (Verner, 2009, p. 71).

  11. In-text Citations—Examples • Pascarella and Terenzini (2009) report that stress contributes to a variety of disorders. • It is reported that “stress is the number-one contributor to many disorders” (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2007, p. 42).

  12. In-text Citations—Examples • According to one study, “non-monetary rewards often produce greater results than monetary rewards” (“Study finds,” 2006, para. 12).

  13. In-text Citations—Block Format Miele (1993) found the following: The ‘placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were never exhibitedagain [italics added] even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

  14. In-text Citations—Signal Phrases-blending your sources use active, past tense verbs. • It has been reported that… • According to… • A recent study suggests… • Several researchers note that… • Many findings point to the fact that…

  15. Sample title page Effects of Steroids 1 Analysis of the Effects of Steroids on Male Behavior Sherri White Occupational Technology Dr. Spohler February 19, 2009 [Abreviated title and page number ½ inch from the top] [Double-spaced Full title centered in the middle of the page]

  16. First page of the APA body Effects of Steroids 2 Analysis of the Effects of Steroids on Male Behavior In recent years, the need for young males to gain body mass has risen at an alarming level. Numerous studies have shown the negative effect of hormones In the header ½” from the top Full title is Centered 1 “ margins and double spaced throughout

  17. Book Journal Magazine CD Professional web sites Newspaper Online Article Personal Communication Other Reference Page Entries First, determine the nature of the source you want to cite:

  18. Go to the Library’s Data bases

  19. Before you print, select citation format

  20. Helpful Web Sites Health / Nursing Resources • Health and Medicine: Diseases & Conditions - librarian's Index • NLM (U. S. National Library of Medicine) Databases and Electronic Information Sources - a wide variety of resources related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies: searchable databases & databanks, bibliographic citations, full text (when available), archival collections, and images • National Insititues of Health - clinical studies, health and wellness information, research funding information, research resources, news, events and educational activities related to NIH

  21. Helpful Web Sites • Nursing Center. Com - online professional nursing journals. • OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing - a free, peer-reviewed, international, online publication that addresses pertinent topics affecting nursing practice, research, education and the wider health care sector. Both Medline and CINAHL index the journal • ANA Nursing World - official Web site of the American Nurses AssociationMedline - the United States National Library of Medicine is the premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences Anatomy & Physiology - tutorials • Healthy People 2010 - full text of Healthy People 2010 publications published in November 2000

  22. Helpful Web Sites • Ohio Department of Health - health resources, programs and statistics in Ohio • The Body - the complete HIV/AIDS resource • NET Wellness: Consumer Health - in-depth  information on diseases and health information from faculty at UC, OSU and CWRU • Merck Manual - online medical library with photographs and audio and video material • American Music Therapy Association - publications and career information

  23. Reference Page Entries Example entry for a book: Borque, M.J.(2006).Under the lights: A romantic encounter. New York: Walden. 1. Author 4. City of publisher 2. Date of publication 5. Publisher 3. Title of book

  24. Example entry for a journal article: Scott, J.H.(2005).The power of peers. Education Weekly, 2(2), 58-69. 1. Author 4. Name of periodical 2. Date of publication 5. Volume & issue numbers 3. Title of article 6.Page numbers Reference Page Entries

  25. Reference Page Entries Example entry for a chapter in an edited book: DiCroce, J.H.(2006).Women and the community college presidency. In B. K. Townsend (Ed.),New directions for community colleges(pp. 79-89). New York: Penguin. 1. Article author 4. Book author 2. Date of publication 5. Book title 3. Title of chapter 6.Page numbers

  26. Reference Page Entries Example entry for an Internet site: The endangered human.(n.d.).Retrieved October 6, 2007, from www.ecology.com 1. Title of Internet site 2. Date of publication 3. Date YOU accessed site 4. URL

  27. Special Case – Personal communication Personal communications such as personal interviews DO NOT have entries in the reference list! Cite in-text an e-mail or other communications by clarifying the person’s name, type of communication and date. Smith, E., personal interview, June 1, 2007.

  28. Sample Reference Page Hormones 10 References Andrews, E.F. (2005, March 6). Improving cattle in the U.S. The Wall Street Journal, C2. Clancy, J., Grant, D.E., & Kelson, F. (2004). An analysis of bovine blood levels. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 23(9), 25-39.

  29. Sample Reference Page cont. (electronic sources) The endangered human. (n.d.) Retrieved November 12, 2005, from http:// www.ecology.com Smithsonian Institution on Animal Husbandry: A special health report. (2003), [electronic version]. Outdoor World, 3,15-36. Retrieved November 12,2005 from http://www.epinions.com/mag-Outdoor_world

  30. Helpful Hints • Check the index or the table of contents of the APA manual or your grammar handbook. • Consult the Owens Writing Center links for resources. • Consult the Online Writing Lab (OWL) of Purdue University at the following URL: • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ • Follow the general logic of APA style if you “get stuck.”

  31. Additional Resources • APA Manual (5th ed.) • Little, Brown Handbook (APA section) • APA website (apa.org) • APA Style Helper Software http://www.apa.org/software/ • Owens Community College Writing Center • (CH 156D) 567-661-7351 • Online Writing Lab (OWL) Purdue Univ. • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

More Related