Overview of Presentation

1. Applications Development on Air Pollution Monitoring within ESA ProgrammesClaus Zehner – Exploitation and Services Division (ESRIN)

2. Overview of Presentation • Programmatic Part: • GMES and the ESA Data User Element • GMES: • The PROMOTE project • DUE: • The TEMIS project

3. GMES - Atmosphere • Global Monitoring for Environment and Security • joint EU-ESA initiative (http://www.esa.int/esaLP/LPgmes.html) • European contribution to GEOSS • Phase 1 – consolidation/development • EC/FP6 research and development: Integrated Project GEMS • ESA/GSE (GMES Service Element) demonstration service: PROMOTE • Phase 2 – implementation • EC/FP7 pilot services (3 fast track + 2 other) • aiming at fusion of EC and ESA services „GAS“ • dedicated satellites: Sentinel 4+5 (LEO+GEO)

4. Data User Element (DUE) - Atmosphere • ESA Programme to develop Services for End-users • optional ESA Programme that was initially only supported by 3 ESA member states (Belgium, Switzerland, and The Netherlands) and started about 10 years ago • Italy joined next and now DUE is part of the EO-Envelope Programme (all members states participating) • more detailed information: http://dup.esrin.esa.int • 1 project dealing with Air Quality Monitoring: Tropospheric Emission Service (precursor service for GSE on atmosphere)

5. Missions Used

6. PROMOTE Protocol Monitoring for the GMES Service Element on Atmosphere www.gse-promote.org

7. PROMOTE Stage 1: Consolidation 20 months (2004 – 2006) • 1 of 13 GSE (ESA GMES Service Element) projects dealing with the atmosphere • PROMOTE Stage 2: Scaling-up 36 months (KO: July 2006 – end 2009) • Project musts: • Demonstrate progress towards long-term sustainability for the set of services • Deliver services and benefits to users on progressively larger scales • Establish a durable, open, distributed GMES Service Provision Network • Establish common standards and working practices for GMES Services • 3 annual phases with reviews by Users and by ESA • Year 2 kicked-off September 2007 • 7 new partners, 7 new services, 10 new users

8. All GSE services have formal annual evaluations • ESA funding from year-to-year dependent upon user satisfaction • All services provided in GSE projects must have formally named user organisations as recipient • Formal mechanism is a Service Level Agreement (SLA): defines service delivery • Users obligated to provide formal evaluations each year • Services open to use by anyone as all data are available via internet

9. >60 Service Level Agreements (SLAs) • Local, regional and national public agencies • Environmental agencies (D, A, IR, UK, F, B, NL, I, CH, FI, E) • Meteorological Institutes (D, P) • Health organisations (UK, D, I) • International Organizations • ECMWF • NILU/EMEP • WMO (SLA in progress) • European Environmental Agency • User Federating Groups • Professional Society of German Dermatologists • SPARC-CCMVal: Climate Modelling Validation

10. PROMOTE Portfolio Ozone UV Air Quality Support to Climate Support to Aviation Control • 5 themes selected based on user requirements and maturity of satellite and ground-based observations

11. Support To Aviation Control Service • Near-real time SCIAMACHY SO2, trajectory analysis

12. Greenhouse Gases – CO2 Monthly Mean

13. Global total ozone observations in near-real time • Total ozone column in NRT based on GOME, SCIAMACHY and OMI • User: ECMWF - improvement of medium range weather forecast

14. Global total ozone forecasts • 9-day forecast of total ozone based on SCIAMACHY • User: WMO - Monitoring of ozone hole • other uses: Weather Services, PROMOTE UV Services

15. UV Information Service • Personalized location-based services • Individual sunburn time • UV index • recommended sun protection factor • via internet or mobile phone … any time, any place in Europe

16. Air Quality Services • Products • Global and European Air Quality records • European-scale Air Quality analyses and forecasts (daily) • Local/urban-scale Air Quality forecasts and assessments • Desert dust awareness (regional) • Pollen (regional  European) • Satellite-based ground-level PM (regional and European) • Regional Air Quality Scenario Tool • User Applications • Monitoring of levels and changes in global pollutants • Assessments of European and national air quality • Minimization of health impacts to European citizens, especially those with heart or respiratory diseases

17. Regional AQ Forecasting – Integration of ground-based and satellite measurements into the same Model (e.g. CHIMERE)

18. Integrated European Air Quality Ensemble

19. Your Air Service Greater London • Co-operation with 30 London agencies and authorities

20. Examples of Data Usage as provided by the TEMIS DUE project via www.temis.nl TEMIS project running since 2002 and currently being extended by the end of 2009 Main focus on Air Pollution Monitoring Examples of data-usage in China in India are presented here – User Workshop early Oct. 2007 at ESRIN with focus on end-users outside Europe

21. Traffic Restrictions Associated with the Sino-African Summit: Reductions of NOx Detected from Space Forbidden City Downtown Traffic 6pm Yuxuan Wang, Michael B. McElroy, K. Folkert Boersma School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Henk J. Eskes, J. Pepijn Veefkind KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands

22. Traffic Restrictions in Beijing during the Sino-African Summit: a natural experiment • Sino-African Summit: Nov 4 – 6, 2006 • Purpose of traffic restrictions: to accommodate the meeting; dress-rehearsal for the 2008 Olympics Games • Traffic Restrictions major initiatives • Bans on government vehicles (490,000 vehicles kept in garage) • Increased capacity in public transportation • Road restrictions • call on private drivers • Public News: 30% reduction in on-road vehicles (800,000 out of 3 million)

23. Day-to-day Variability in OMI NO2 after Summit Before Summit during Summit Nov. 5 Nov. 7 Oct. 29 • Apparent decrease in NO2 over Beijing during the Summit • Some variations not driven by emission changes • Need a chemical transport model to interpret the OMI observations.

24. OMI Observations and Model (GEOS-CHEM) Comparisons OMI (0.5ox0.5o) model

25. Detection of NO2 Emission Hotspots, Trend and Seasonal Variation over Indian Subcontinent Using TEMIS tropospheric column NO2 Sachin D. Ghude & Suvarna Fadnavis, Yogesh K. Tiwari, G. Beig, Suraj Polade Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411008 (INDIA)

26. The regional distributions for NO2 LPS (large Point Source) emissions corresponds to coal and petroleum consumption pattern for India. Coal contributes 45 % of total NOx emission in India while, transport contributes 32% of NOx emission which mostly consist of small and dispersed sources. The contribution of biomass burning to NOx production is less over the India which contributes 10-20% during March to May. Electric power sector is the dominant component of Indian energy sector. In India, coal is the primary fuel in thermal power plants, and gasoline and diesel are the primary fuels for automobiles. About 70% of all India coal consumption is for power generation. These plants generated almost 60% of total generated power for the nation. Thermal power generation in India grew from 27030 MW in 1985 to 86014 MW in March 2007 out of which 26311 MW in 1985 to 71121 MW in March 2007 is due to coal used thermal power generation. The present annual growth rate of electric power consumption in India is 4%

27. Wanakbori, Ukri, Bhurvaran (2700 MW/day) Nagpur, Korhadi (1200 MW/Day) Delhi Orba, Singrauli, Rihand (>4000MW/Day) Vindhyachal (2300 MW/Day) Korba (3200 MW/Day) Kota Talcher (1500) Chandrapur, 2340 MW/day Ramagundam, 2600MW/day Mumbai Pune Bangalore Kottagudem (1200MW/Day) Vijayawada (1300 MW/Day) Raichur (1300 MW/Day) Bokaro, Chandrapura, Durgapur, Santaldih, Subermarekha, Culcutta

28. Mumbai Gujarat Golden Corridor. (Urban centers, transport, Power, Industry) • Delhi Region (Urban centers, transport, Power, Industry,Biomass burning, Cement) • Northeast and East India Industrial Sector (near coal mine) (Power, Steel, Cement transport, Urban centers, Industry, Biomass burning,) • Southern Region (Power, Cement Urban centers) • Central India Power Plant region (near coal mine). (Power, Steel, Cement) 2 3 1 5 4 1.e1013 molecules/cm2

29. Temporal evolution of tropospheric NO2 column from 1996-2006 period over the major emission region Region 1:2.4 %/Year Region 2:3 %/Year Region 3:1.6 %/Year Region 4:1.55 %/Year Region 5:1.3 %/Year All India :1.4 %/Year However when October-March months are considered the NO2 show increase of about 3% and 4.7% / year over region 1 and 2 respectively. While over India it is observed 2.1 %/year.

30. Conclusion: The location of emission hot spots correlates well with the location of mega thermal power plants, mega cities, urban and Industrial Region, emphasizing the contribution of emission through thermal power plants, transport sector, and Industrial sector. This suggests that the changes in NO2 column over the Indian region and majority of selected industrialized regions are consistent and not dominated by year to year variation. Pronounced seasonal variation in NO2 concentration is observed with minimum during monsoon and maximum during winter. Good agreement between the NO2 seasonal cycle measurements from satellite and from ground based stations, demonstrates well the ability of SCIAMACHY to detect pollution within the PBL. Southern Indian region dose not seem to be a large source of emissions as compared to rest of the India.

31. Conclusions for this Meeting: First satellite Air Quality data show promising possible usage but different retrieval methods lead to different results (e.g. NO2 trend analysis) Future co-operation between satellite, in-situ, and emission inventory experts will be essential in order to find out which measurement interpretation is close to the truth and is ‘best’ for applications. Check www.temis.nl and www.gse-promote.org to get an overview about ESA activities on AQ monitoring.