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Warm-up: In spiral, interpret the message of this poster. Who is depicted, what are they doing?

Warm-up: In spiral, interpret the message of this poster. Who is depicted, what are they doing?. The Home Front. Total War –War demanded sacrifice from all citizens. Governments took control of industry and society to endure that war needs were being met.

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Warm-up: In spiral, interpret the message of this poster. Who is depicted, what are they doing?

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  1. Warm-up: In spiral, interpret the message of this poster. Who is depicted, what are they doing?

  2. The Home Front • Total War –War demanded sacrifice from all citizens. • Governments took control of industry and society to endure that war needs were being met. • Rations – Food, rubber, fuel, metal • England “victory gardens” • German men 17-60 were put to work by government • Britain draft and colonies

  3. Women and the War • W. European changes drastically during the war • New Jobs for Women – Women went to work replacing the men at war. • Factory work, building tanks, bank tellers, secretaries, construction • War nurse and war causes • 113,000 joined Women’s Land Army: securing supplies for soldiers on front and farmed, cut timber, etc. • Many countries granted women suffrage • Espionage – Women spies during the war (Edith Cavell; Mata Hari)

  4. Espionage! German Spy Mata Hari British nurse Edith Cavell

  5. Propaganda (noun): spreading of ideas to promote a cause • Without radio and TV, the poster instrument of massive form of communication • Stages of propaganda: • call for men+money • call for help for the fighting men • call for help for the wounded, orphans, refuges • women in the factories • finally was a call to crush the enemy once and for all.

  6. Chorus - Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming Ev'rywhere. So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware. We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over Over there.

  7. Common Objectives of Propaganda • Recruitment of soldiers, draft or voluntary enlistment • Financing the war effort • Eliminating dissent (?) or unify the country behind war • Conservation of resources (rationing) • Participating in home-front org.

  8. WHAT CAUSED THE UNITED STATES TO ENTER WW1?

  9. THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR • Unrestricted Sub. Warfare (USW): • German U-boat sinks Lusitania 1915 • President Woodrow Wilson issues “stern warning” • By 1917 Germany wants to resume USW • Starve Britain into surrendering • Fear US response

  10. 3. Zimmerman Telegram • Jan. ‘17, British intercept telegram from G.F.S. Arthur Zimmerman to G.A.M. • Purposed a German-Mexican alliance • Help us, we’ll help • Telegram made public • Monroe Doctrine

  11. U.S. DECLARES WAR! • “The Last Straw” • April 6, 1917: U.S. officially declare war on Germany • Easy choice: U.S. $upported the allies and felt close to Britain • Propaganda helped convince American that war was justified

  12. The Yanks are Coming! Great Great Uncle George Widlansky-Died November 3, 1918: 1 week before end of war

  13. Russia Withdraws from WW1 • March 1917 – Civil unrest over fuel and food forces Czar to step down • 5.5 Million Russian had died fighting or POW = refused to fight • Revolution rocks Russia in November 1917, and Lenin takes over, ending involvement in war March 1918 – Germany & Russia sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

  14. Central Powers Start to Suffer • 2nd Battle of Marne: July-Aug, 1918 • Combination of Allied (USA) forces vs. German offensive • Turning point in the war • Last real attempt by Central Powers to win war Allied group shot at 2nd Battle of Marne

  15. Central Powers Crumble • Bulgarians are first to surrender, then Ottoman Turks • Revelation hits Austria-Hungry • German Kaiser steps down and nation becomes a republic • Germans and French meet to sign armistice (?)

  16. WAR ENDS! NOV. 11,1918… PLAY ME!

  17. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE • “The intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.” UN

  18. Armenia Caught in the Middle • WW1 put Armenian homeland on both sides of Russia and Ottoman Empire. • Starting in 1915, deportation of Armenians during “Turkism”: nationalism that envisioned a new, homogenous Turkish state into Central Asia.

  19. April 23, 1915 – Armenian political, religious, educational and intellectual leaders in Constantinople were arrested, deported and put to death (?) • Turkey government  Armenians are untrustworthy, aid to enemies of state, and were in a state of imminent rebellion • The fate of men, women & children • Thousands died of starvation, disease , and exposure. • More than half the Armenian population perished or forcibly driven from their ancestral homeland.

  20. World leaders, including the U.S., were aware of the atrocities but did not interfere • 1985 UN estimates “at least one million” Armenians were killed between 1915-1923. • PLAY ME: 60 Minutes "Battle of History"

  21. Photo # 1 Ottoman soldiers posing in front on hanged Armenian leaders

  22. Photo # 2 Armenians civilians killed in the desert miles from their village

  23. Photo # 3 Armenian victims heads put on sticks as a display

  24. WARM IT UP! • Q: In your opinion, who is to blame for the outbreak of World War 1? If you were the king or queen of “the world” how would you punish those you blame?

  25. Number of Wounded & Killed Allied Powers Central Powers

  26. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE • Begins on Jan. 18, 1919 • 27 counties were in attendance, including the U.S. for the first time • Defeated powers were not invited (?) • Four key players hammered out most of the details Paris, Armistice Parade, 1918

  27. THE BIG FOUR – F.I.B.U 1) Woodrow Wilson - USA 2) Lloyd George – Great Britain Wants lasting peace! Punish Germany! 1)Fourteen Points 1)German reparations a) Self-determination 2)Weaken German Army b) League of Nations 3) Germany, A-H, Ottomans lose territory 4) Vittorio Orlando - Italy 3) Georges Clemenceau - France Get Anything! 1)Want land from Austria-Hungary Get Revenge! 1)Blame Germany for war 2)Take back territory 3) German reparations

  28. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS • Outline for President Wilson’s plan for achieving lasting peace • Tried to urge Europe to accept “peace without victory” (?) • European allies didn’t go for it, dismissed and diluted most of the details

  29. THE FOURTEEN POINTS • End of secret treaties • Freedom of seas • Freedom of trade • Reduce armies • Fairness toward colonies • 6-13) Self-determination – letting people decide for themselves under which gov. they wish to live • 14) General association of nations that would protect “great and small nations alike”

  30. TREATY OF VERSAILLES • Signed June 28, 1919 (…guess what?) • Created League of Nations • Germany had to sign and agree to a treaty they had no part in negotiation • Forced to give up land • War Guilt Close • Demilitarization of Rhineland • Disarmament • Reparations

  31. League of Nations • Part of the Versailles Treaty • U.S. Senate rejects the treaty • U.S. never joins the League • League turns out to be ineffective, inconsistent, easily manipulated American anti-League cartoon

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