Americans at War Mobilization-Americans get ready for war!

1. Americans at War Mobilization-Americans get ready for war! --FDR understood that the outcome of war in Europe depended on US ability to produce.

2. Mobilizing Armed Forces • Sept. 1940—first peacetime draft in US history. --Selective Training and Service Act. B. Thousands of men receive the “4 freedoms” speech.

3. Preparing the Economy for War • FDR pushed industries to move to making war goods. • Jan. 1942 gov’t set up war production board. • Convert from peacetime to wartime.

4. Examples: --Ford converts some factories to Air force factories. --Kaiser ships—convert to Liberty Ships—carry supplies D. Each year US increased production goals, doubling that of Axis Powers.

5. Helps the workforce—unemployment nearly disappears. • Union membership increases from 1940-1941 1.5million.

6. CLIP MobilizationWar Town

7. Daily Life on the Home Front • Nearly everyone had a relative or friend in the military • War effort led to shortages on typical goods—ex metal, rubber.

8. C. Shortages led to rise in reading of books and magazines, movies, and sporting events. • FDR leads effort to advertise the war effort. • --Collection Drives— • Victory Gardens

9. Clip ShortagesDoing Without

10. Retaking Europe • US entered the war at a critical time for the Allies. • Blitzkrieg had extended Nazi control through most of Europe. • In North Africa a mixed Germ and Italian army was bearing down.

11. The Battle in the Atlantic A. GB relied on US shipments of food and supplies. • US protected ships from U-boats w/ convoys. • Germ began to attack w/ large groups of U-boats called wolfpacks.

12. 3. The North Africa Campaign • 1940 Brit doing well against Italians in Egypt and Libya. • Hitler sends Rommel the “Desert Fox”. • US arrived in 1942 led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower/George Patton.

13. By May 1943 240,000 Italians and Germans had surrendered. • Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree on unconditional surrender of Japan, Germany, and Italy

14. Clip North AfricaKilling is a Craft • Questions to follow!!

15. The Invasion of Italy • Control of Africa led to Allies making next move to retake Europe. • Decide to target Italy. • Many lose faith in Mussolini at this point, King Victor Emmanuel III has him arrested.

16. Fascist party is disband, but Mussolini escapes w/ help of Hitler. • Sept. 1943 Italy w/ Rome under fire by Allies turns on Germany. • Leads to bloody showdown btwn Germans and Allies.

17. German’s in N. Italy surrender in April 1945. • Same month Mussolini is shot and killed by Italians trying to flee across N border.

18. Clip ItalyWhen things get tough

19. War in the Soviet Union • In Mein Kampf Hitler called for Germany’s need for natural resources. • After losing the Battle of Britain Hitler turns to the east and attacks Russia.

20. Attack began in June 1941. • 3.6 million German soldiers align along Russian border. • 3million Red Army soldiers deploy to oppose Blitzkrieg. • Some who suffered under Stalin welcomed the German Army.

21. 10 days after attack Stalin demanded all goods destroyed • Asked Roosevelt for help under Lend-Lease Act. • Urged for attack on W Europe, Allies chose attack on Italy.

22. Germany persisted with in the Russian winter w/ Battle of Stalingrad (city in Russia). • Turning point for war in the East. • Now Stalin wanted invasion of West.

23. Invasion of Western Europe • George Marshall also called for invasion of W. Europe, German troops in France. • Massive Ally build up begins in Great Britain. • Called Operation Overlord Eisenhower was chosen commander.

24. German’s heavily fortify the French coastline. --D-Day (June 6, 1944) • 4,600 invasion craft 1,000 RAF bombers 23,000 parachuters B. 500,000 troops attempt to come ashore on 60m of coast

25. Despite heavy casualties Allied forces came ashore. • Within 1 week half million men had come ashore.

26. Liberating France A. Allies use airpower to retake German strongholds in France. • Gen. Patton used blitzkrieg on Hitler. • August 1945—Paris liberated.

27. About same time Americans were crossing German border. • ‘Battle of the Bulge’ • Nazi’s fought desperately to defend territories in the North. • Using recruits sometimes as young as 15!

28. December 1944—Germans counterattack Allies at Belgian border. • Forming a ‘bulge’ in the Allied line, became known as Battle of the Bulge. • Became largest battle the US fought during the war.

29. Involved 600,000 GI’s, 80,000 were killed! • German losses totaled 100,000—after this battle Germany began to admit defeat.

30. The War in Europe Ends • Soviets push West into Berlin. • As Soviets surround Berlin Hitler refuses to surrender—he commits suicide in his bunker. • (The war will not be over until US defeats Japan.)

31. Yalta Conference • Meeting btwn Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin • Plan for post-war Europe • Divides Germany into four zones—election would be held in the eastern portions.

32. Stalin fails to fulfill promises of Yalta. • Leading to conflicts later known as the Cold War.

33. The Pacific Campaign • By spring of 1942 Japan controlled vast area in the pacific. • Stretched from Korea to Alaska, and South as far as Australia.

34. 2 crucial battles halt Japan in May and June of 1942 --Battle of the Coral Sea—air fight that prevented invasion of Australia. --Battle of Midway—removed a threat of another attack on Hawaii.

35. Island Hopping --US adopts strategy known as island hopping. --Goal was to capture key islands pushing enemy back until Japan was in range. --Very difficult struggle.

36. Key Island Hopping Battles --Guadalcanal(1942) --Leyte Gulf(1944) --Iwo Jima and Okinowa(1945)

37. --Key IH victories brought US within one hundred miles of the Japanese mainland. --In April of 1945 Roosevelt dies and he is replaced by Truman.

38. --Plans were drawn up to attack the Japanese mainland. But it never takes place.

39. The Manhattan Project --Roosevelt directs Einstein to develop the A-bomb in top secret Manhattan Project in August of 1939. --1st successful test of the bomb in July of 1945.

40. The Decision to Drop the Bomb 1. Massive invasion of Japan could cost millions of casualties. 2. Naval blockade to starve Japan w/ conventional bombing. 3. Demonstrate bomb on deserted island.

41. Softening the demands for an unconditional surrender. --Final decision rested w/ Harry Truman who had taken office 3 months earlier.

42. Japan Surrenders --August 6 1945 US plane Enola Gay dropped an Atomic bomb on Hiroshima. --Perhaps 80,000 died instantly and as many in the future.

43. --After failure to surrender a 2nd bomb was dropped 3 days later on Nagasaki. --August 14th Japan accepts terms of American surrender. --Formal agreement signed of Sept. 2 on USS Missouri—the war was finally over.

44. Japanese Internment • Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during WWII. • Post PH hysteria led to internment.

45. C. Many Americans felt as though Japanese were everywhere. D. Feb. 1942 Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066--est military zones and Gov’t could remove people from these zones.

46. Gov’t set up War Relocation Authority to move everyone of Japanese ancestry. • Relocation happened quickly, many lost businesses, farms, homes and assets.

47. All camps were located in desolate areas. • People were forced to live on the bare necessities. • By early 1945 Japanese citizens were allowed to return home.

48. Legal Challenges • A few Japanese challenge the policy in the courts. • Claiming that their civil rights had been violated. • Courts usually upheld that the case was a nat’l emergency.

49. D. In 1988 Congress passed a law rewarding survivors of internment $20,000. E. More than 40 years after the event the US government officially apologized.

50. Navajo Code Talkers --US and Japan were able to interpret each others codes early in the war. --This leads to neither side being able to keep a secret.