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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, METAMORPHIC ROCKS, AND AGE DETERMINATION

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, METAMORPHIC ROCKS, AND AGE DETERMINATION. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE. Sedimentary rock family Definition and Explanation comprised of sediments accumulated from physical and or chemical processes mostly in large bodies of water consolidated through lithification. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE.

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, METAMORPHIC ROCKS, AND AGE DETERMINATION

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  1. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, METAMORPHIC ROCKS, AND AGE DETERMINATION

  2. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Sedimentary rock family • Definition and Explanation • comprised of sediments • accumulated from physical and or chemical processes mostly in large bodies of water • consolidated through lithification

  3. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Factors and concepts related to rock formation • weathering--”breaking down” of rock materials at or near surface of Earth • chemical--decomposition of materials and formation of new substances through removal of or additions to the weathered material • physical or mechanical--disintegration of materials with no new substances forming

  4. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Erosion • removal or transportation of material by stream water, glacial ice, wind, and gravity • eroded materials may eventually accumulate in large amounts • Lithification • compaction and cementation of sediments to become rocks

  5. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Stratification • accumulations in layers (strata or beds) and is the most common occurrence of this family of rock • Law of superposition • in a series of strata, each layer is older than the one above and younger than the one below--this reflects a relative age relationship between layers

  6. Stratification in Sedimentary Rocks

  7. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Sedimentary rock types • three types based on the way they form; clastic (detrital), chemical inorganic, and organic • clastic • sediments accumulated primarily by physical processes as deposits from stream water, glacial ice, wind, etc. then lithified to rock

  8. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Wentworth’s sediment size classification is used to name the specific clastic rock in the detrital class

  9. Wentworth’s Scale of Sedimentary Particles

  10. Different colors of beach sand in the world

  11. CLASTIC ROCKS

  12. Detrital (Clastic) Sedimentary Rocks Larger grained Conglomerate Breccia

  13. Detrital (clastic) Sedimentary Sandstones Graywacke Arkose Quartz Sandstone

  14. Detrital (clastic) Sedimentary Rocks Smaller Grained Claystone Siltstone Shale

  15. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • biological (organic) rocks • accumulation of animal shells or plant material then lithified--particle size is not important in naming biological rocks

  16. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE BIOLOGICALOR ORGANIC ROCKS

  17. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE White Cliffs of Dover

  18. COAL SERIES Peat buried plants bituminous lignite anthracite methane coal gas

  19. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE Biological (organic) formed chert

  20. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • chemical (inorganic) rocks • formed from chemical reactions in the oceans or large bodies of water

  21. CHEMICAL OR INORGANIC ROCKS

  22. Lakes formed from Glaciation Lake Bonneville

  23. Evaporite deposits in Death Valley, California

  24. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE Chemically (inorganic) formed chert---nodules of chert caused by replacement of silica for bedrock—is present in the local Burlington limestone bedrock in this area

  25. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Some special features in sedimentary rocks • cross bedding • relatively thin layers inclined at an angle to the main bedding • formed by currents in water or wind

  26. Cross bedding

  27. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • graded bedding • a sedimentary layer characterized by a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top • ripple marks • small waves of sand that develop on surface of sedimentary layer by the action of moving water or wind

  28. Ripple marks

  29. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Significance of sedimentary rocks • only family of rock containing an abundant record of life forms and the changes in life forms throughout geologic time • only family of rock in which natural gas, petroleum and coal are formed and found • used as building materials, tombstones and some limestones are used as a source of lime

  30. Groundwater Petroleum and Natural Gas Coal

  31. Cement from Limestone Salt Uranium

  32. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Metamorphic rock family • Definition and explanation • formed primarily through action of temperature and/or pressure on preexisting rocks • little or no melting during process • time is also an important factor • rocks will loose evidence of fossils or other features present before the change

  33. SED-MET ROCKS- AGE • Types of metamorphism • contact or thermal • usually forms with intrusions of smaller rock bodies as stocks in country rocks • temperature associated with the intrusive body is the prime metamorphic agent—lower temperatures would form lower grade of metamorphic rocks

  34. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • regional metamorphism • usually forms with intrusions of larger bodies like batholiths or laccoliths • temperature and pressure are equally important in the metamorphic process and includes a much larger area of metamorphism—higher temperatures would form a higher grade of metamorphic rock

  35. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Kinds of metamorphic rocks • all but one rock is comprised of silicate minerals • foliated • minerals are aligned in a pattern

  36. Foliated metamorphic rocks

  37. Foliated or Lineated Metamorphic Rocks Slate Gneiss Schist Gneiss Phyllite

  38. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

  39. Non foliated Metamorphic Rocks Quartzite (from arkose) Marble

  40. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Important uses • building materials and tombstones • marble can be used in art as a sculpturing material

  41. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Age determination (geologic age) • important concepts used • relative age concepts • crosscutting and intrusive nature of igneous rocks • law of superposition pertaining to sedimentary rocks • absolute age dating • determination of amounts of radioactive parent and stable daughter

  42. Relative Age dating

  43. SED-MET ROCKS-AGE • Age determination method • relative and absolute age determination methods are used together to establish the absolute age of rocks which cannot themselves be dated • igneous rocks are the best rock family to use in absolute age determinations • Index fossils are used to facilitate the determination of the age of sedimentary rocks

  44. Determine the absolute age of sedimentary bed , B given: 1. igneous intrusive, V dated at 2.15 million years old 2. lava flow, P dated at 2.25 million years old (both V and P were dated using the absolute age determin- ation method we discussed in the mineral section)

  45. Correlation of Index Fossils From 2 Different Areas

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