Miskolc , Hungary April 200 6

1. Numerical Modelling of Deformation and Fracture Processes of NPP Equipment ElementsМоделирование процессов деформирования и разрушения материалов и элементов оборудования АЭС Kharchenko V. Харченко В.В. G.S.Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength Институт проблем прочности им. Г.С. Писаренко НАН Украины 1st Hungarian-Ukrainian Joint Conference on «Safety-Reliability and Risk of Engineering Plants and Components» Miskolc, Hungary April2006

2. About 50% of the electric power produced in Ukraine is generated by the NPPs. Now there are 15 units—13 VVER-1000 and 2 VVER-440—operated in Ukraine. But, as seen from Table, half of the units have been operated for over 20 years. So, Extension of the NPP Service Life is one of the most important strategical tasks of the nuclear industry Operating reliability and extension of the NPP service life depend on the solution of the problems concerning the structural strength of equipment

3. A great deal has been done by the Institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the development of the nuclear science and technology including the following: Development of the procedures and unique equipment for testing NPP structural materials, including those under irradiation conditions Development of the procedures and software packages for simulation of NPP equipment elements Investigation of deformation and fracture, determination of the mechanical properties of structural steels under various conditions of thermo-mechanical loading and a complex stress state Investigation of the stress-strain state of materials and NPP equipment elements Development of the strength (fracture) criteria Creation of the scientific fundamentals for determining the strength and life of NPP equipment Now we’ll say about IPS results of numerical modeling

4. Development of the methods and software for the stress-strain state calculations for complex three-dimensional structures Tests: • Pure bending of the beam • Three-point bending of the beam with the edge crack, etc Mixed schemes of the finite-element method (MFEM) for the thermoelasticity and thermoplasticity Original Software RELAX, SPACE, PIPE, ИМПРО, and other packages

5. Examples of the Test TasksSolution Pure bending of the beam Error in the stress determination n Three-point bending of the beam with the edge crack Error in the SIF determination Our MFEM

6. Stresses σZ on the outer surface of the weldedjoint in the region of strain gage mounting: • 1 – numerical calculation (P1/P2 = 16/6 MPa, M = 2.279 MHm); • 2 – data of full-scale strain measurements Evaluation of the Validity and Accuracy of the Modeling Schemes Different FE Meshes Accuracy of Different Software and Meshes Comparison of Calculation and Measurements

7. Modeling of the Behavior of Materials and Structural Elements • Modeling of material testing under static, cyclic and dynamic loadings (tension, compression, impact toughness) • Modeling of the strain-stress state kinetics in the processes of manufacture and maintenance (cutting, pipe pressing-in, thermal treatment) • Modeling of behavior of NPP equipment elements (reactor pressure vessel, steam generator, protective structures) under service loads

8. Numerical modeling of materialtesting.Various schemes of dynamic testing

9. Tension Testing Modelling Smooth cylindrical specimen Specimen with concentrator R2 Specimens Calculation scheme

10. Charpy Testing Modelling Experiment Calculation Time variation of the load on the knife-edge

11. Repeated LoadingModelling The variation of the stress state at the crack (or concentrator) tip indicated that the plastic deformation region changes its shapeand the accumulation of residual plastic strains occurs after each cycle. Further investigation will deal with the analysis of damage accumulation at the crack (or concentrator) tip and assessment of the applicability of various fracture criteria under such loading conditions. loading unloading

12. 2 4 3 1 5 Modeling scheme for the steam generator component and the fragment of the finite element meshing in the defect region. STRESS-STRAIN STATE FEATURES OF STEAM GENERATOR ELEMENT WITH THE CONCENTRATOR UNDER REPEATED-STATIC LOADING Stress Distribution in the region of a concentrator 1mm in depth under pressures P1 and P2: 1 – radial stresses, 2 – axial stresses, 3 – tangential stresses, 4 – equivalent stresses under loading, 5 – axial stresses under unloading.

13. MATERIAL TESTING AND NUMERICAL MODELLING FOR INTEGRITY AND LIFETIME ASSESSMENT OF NPP COMPONENT - Reactor pressure vessel;- Steam generators;- Pipelines Primary Circuit of WWER NPP

14. STRENGTH AND LIFE CALCULATIONof reactor pressure vessels of NPPs Key issues Conditions of in-service thermomechanical loading, specifically in emergency events – thermal shock Neutron fluencein pressure vessel wall Ф(x, y, z) Residual stresses Mechanical properties of base metal, welds, cladding and their in-service degradation Stress state, temperature fields, thermal hydraulics, Defects (actual and hypothetical) Strength of RPVs with cracks • limit state criteria; • postulation of cracks • calculation of SIF KJ • fracture toughness KJС

15. Temperature and Stresses in RPV 3D Model Stress in RPV weld Stress in RPV wall Temperature in RPV wall

16. When assessing the RPV structural integrity, the accuracy of determination of changes in the stress intensity factor (SIF) value under thermal shock conditions also plays an important part. Stress intensity factor versus crack-tip temperature (plastic calculation), from NUREG/CR-6651, Task T1C2 The SIF value and peculiarities of its variation in time are affected by a large number of factors:sizes and locations of cracks; loading conditions; metal characteristics; accuracy of calculation methods and schemes;and so on.

17. RPV with a built-in crack Geometrical model Finite element grid: • –in the vicinity of the crack; • – in the cross section of the crack front Crack location area

18. RPV with a built-in crack Hoop strains in the zone of the built-in longitudinal half-elliptical crack Crack location area Variation in the stress intensity factor KI along the longitudinal half-elliptical crack front under PTS a/c = 2/3, a/t = 1/10

19. 4 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 Crack velocity. 4 3 2 1 Si, Sy, Ey in crack tip: 1 – t=0.3ms, 2 – t=0.5ms, 3 – t=0.66ms, 4 – t=0.83ms. Crack propagation and arrest in RPV wall under PTS

20. Elements with damage: • Heat-change tubes • Collectors Structural Integrity and Lifetime of Steam Generator Elements • Weld 111 Crack place Experimental Data on-line 3D Calculation Scheme Key problems analysisexperimental datastress calculation Integrity and Lifetime Assessment

21. 3-D Models for Stress Modeling of the SG Element

22. Stresses σZ on the outer surface of the weldedjoint in the region of strain gage mounting: • 1 – numerical calculation (P1/P2 = 16/6 MPa, M = 2.279 MHm); • 2 – data of full-scale strain measurements Evaluation of the Validity and Accuracy of the Modeling Schemes Different FE Meshes Accuracy of Different Software and Meshes Comparison of Calculation and Measurements

23. LocalStress State of Steam Generator Element Распределение по окружности патрубка ПГ напряжений z на стенке кармана на высоте 20 мм от дна. Напряжения 1-3 на стенке кармана в области галтельного перехода: 1 – 16/6 МПа + 2,279 МНм, угол 4,10 рад.; 2 - 25/11 МПа + 1,082 МНм, угол 4,32 рад.; 3 – 18/8 МПа + 0,977 МНм, угол 4,32 рад.; 4 -16/6 МПа + 0,827 МНм, угол 4,32 рад. Ours 3D Schemes Different2D Schemes

24. Schematic of the SG Element and mounting of heating elements: 1 - steam generator shell with heat insulation; 2 – nozzle; 3 – “pocket”; 4 – heat insulation; 5- welded joint; 6 – heating elements; 7 –collector; 8 – heat insulation plugs Simulation of the Stress-Strain State Kinetics in Manufacturing and Maintenance Pressing-in of pipes into the steam generator collector Local thermal treatment of the SG shell and collector assembly after maintenance Temperature distribution

25. Distribution of the residual stresses acting on the “pocket” surface on the side of the nozzle 20 mm away from its bottom (from the results of three-dimensional computations): tangential stresses  (1); axial stresses Z (2); i (3) Residual Stresses of the SG Element after Local Thermal Treatment Equivalent Stresses а) - φ = π; b) - φ = 0 Resume:Local Stresses are High Levelin SG Elementafter Local Thermal Treatment and under Service Loads

26. Conclusions In our opinion the important research directions are as follows : • Development and harmonization of standards for the structural integrity and lifetime assessment • Development of procedures for structural integrity and lifetime calculation (including those taking into account crack propagation and arrest) • Improvement of strength (fracture) criteria • Development of experimental methods for determining metal degradation and obtaining additional information • Improvement of correlation dependences between mechanical metal characteristics obtained by various methods • Improvement of calculation methods for assessment of strain-stress state, fracture mechanics parameters and their application to problems of structural integrity and to risk-based methods

27. Summary Thank You For Attention !