Roots- anchor plants in soil, gives support, absorbs water and minerals

2. Organs of Flowering Plants • Roots-anchor plants in soil, gives support, absorbs water and minerals • Stems- main axis of plant, terminal bud allows that allows plant to grow, node where leaves are attached • Leaves- area where photosynthesis occurs

3. Monocots vs. Dicots • Monocots contain 1 seed cotyledon • Dicots contain 2 seed cotyledons

4. Plant Tissues • Epidermal- closely packed cells, covered in waxy cuticle • Ground- bulk of flowering plant, contain parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma • Vascular- transport materials, xylem and phloem

5. Roots • Zone of cell division- Root protected by root cap and grows at apical meristem (cell division occurring) • Zone of elongation- cells moving between division and maturation • Zone of maturation- cells are mature

6. Epidermis- outside cells • Cortex- loosely packed, food storage • Endodermis- boundary between cortex and vascular tissue • Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem bundles

7. Types of Roots • Taproot • Fibrous roots • Adventitious roots • Mycorrhizae

8. Stems • Terminal bud- contains cells at end of stem that are still dividing, apical meristem • Herbaceous stems exhibit only primary growth • Woody stems contain secondary xylem that builds up year after year, forms rings that can be counted to determine the age of a plant

9. Types of Stems • Stolon • Rhizome • Tuber • Corm

10. Leaves Waxy cuticle- covers leaves/ prevents water loss Mesophyll- palisade contains elongated cells with many chloroplasts/ spongy mesophyll with irregular cells, contain vascular tissue Stoma/guard cells- allow gas exchange/ controls opening and closing in response to weather conditions

12. Leaves can be simple (single blade) or compound (many leaflets) Leaves can be arranged in three ways: Opposite Alternate Whorled

13. Xylem Transports water and minerals upward in a plant Cohesion-tension model of water transport: Water enters roots, it is attracted to both itself and the walls of the xylem. As water evaporates out the leaves (transpiration), it helps to “pull” water up the plant- this creates an unbroken column of water.

14. Phloem Transports organic nutrients from leaves to rest of plant. Pressure-flow model of phloem transport: Phloem is composed of sieve tubes, which form a continuous pathway. Sugar formed in the leaves is actively transported into phloem, water is added to create a positive pressure system

15. Plant Hormones Auxins- control growth and development Gibberellins- allow stem elongation, increase # of flowers, break dormancy Cytokinins- prevent aging (senescence) in plants Abscisic Acid- allows dormancy in a plant Ethylene- causes abscission (shedding), ripens fruit

16. Tropisms Gravitropism- causes roots to grow downward, stems to grow up Phototropism- causes plants to grow toward light Thigmotropism- causes plants to grow in response to contact with objects (ivy)

17. Flowering Plants Sepals, petals- allow the plant to hold the flower together and attract pollinators Stamen (male)- anther, filament Carpel (female)- stigma, style, ovary

18. Development of Male Gametophyte Microspores (in the anthers) undergoes meiosis producing 4 microspores. This undergoes mitosis creating a pollen grain with a tube cell and generative cell (will later divide to become 2 sperm)

19. Development of Female Gametophyte Ovule develops into megaspore- this divides my meiosis into 4 megaspores. Only megaspore is functional, the other three are not. These join to form the ovule.

20. Pollination Pollen grain lands of stigma of same species plant. Pollen tube grows down into style into the ovary, sperm follows, 1 fertilizes the egg and other sperm joins with 3 nonfunctional megaspores to form endosperm of seed

21. Seeds Zygote will divide to form embryo Radicle- becomes the roots Hypocotyl- stem Plumule/Epicotyl- leaves Cotyledon- food storage

22. Fruit Mature ovary Often eaten by animals to aid in seed disposal Seeds can also be attached to animal fur or blown by the wind.