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Chapter 5 information processing

Chapter 5 information processing. Information processing. Recap: Black box model Welford’s model . CNS. feedback. Information processing. Sensation/sensory input EXTEROCEPTORS : provide information from outside of the body; - vision & auditory

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Chapter 5 information processing

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  1. Chapter 5information processing

  2. Information processing • Recap: • Black box model • Welford’s model CNS feedback

  3. Information processing • Sensation/sensory input • EXTEROCEPTORS: provide information from outside of the body; - vision & auditory • INTEROCEPTORS: provide information within the body; vestibular apparatus (balance), joint receptors, muscle spindles etc

  4. Information processing • Signal detection: • We receive over 100,000 pieces of information per second • “background noise” = non essential information • Signal detection will depend on the intensity of the signal compared to the background noise. • Depends on interaction of 2 variables

  5. Signal detection • Criterion (C) • The effect of a person’s bias on detection. Dependant on arousal; if low a signal may be missed. • d-prime (d’) • Represents the individual’s sensitivity to a particular signal. (sensitivity of senses, experience)

  6. MEMORY • “the capacity that permit organisms to benefit from their past experiences.” • Sensory information store (SIS): • all incoming information held here for a brief time. • Information is only retained if it’s attended to.

  7. MEMORY • Short term memory (STM): • Information rehearsed from the SIS is passed onto the STM • 90% of information lost within the first 10 seconds. • STM has a limited capacity (7±2) • Long term memory(LTM): • No capacity limitations • Yet often we have difficulty in remembering things!

  8. MEMORY • Selective attention-memory interaction • Our STM has a limited capacity • We overcome this by using selective attention. • Focusing on relevant information & ignoring irrelevant information. • Past experience helps with signal attention http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/brainsmart/games/numbers/

  9. RESPONSE TIME • The time from the introduction of a stimulus to the completion of an action to deal with the problem. • Reaction time & movement time • Factors affecting it: • Gets faster during childhood/adolescence • Gest slower as we get older • Movement time depends on fitness • Number of choices to be made

  10. Psychological refractory period • Reaction time to stimulus 1 (S1) is expected • A second stimulus (S2) will have a slower than normal reaction time • Processing of S2 can not take place until S1 processing is complete • This gap is the psychological refractory period.

  11. Psychological RP • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQLMRusBAko • The feint is S1 and the actual movement is S2 • The defender will be slow in reacting to the real movement.

  12. Motor Programmes • A set of muscle commands that allow movement to be performed without any peripheral feedback. • Example: catch or hit a ball • Executive motor programme: • A number of motor programmes put together • Example: a gymnastic routine or playing the piano

  13. Motor Programmes • Open loop: • performance of a skill without recourse to feedback • Very fast movements • Hitting a baseball coming in at 100kph • No time for feedback to alter the movement

  14. Motor Programmes • Closed loop: • Altering a movement during its execution • Example: returning a slow tennis serve • Perceptual trace – memory for the feel of successful past experiences/movements

  15. TO DO by 20/2 • What is Schmidt’s schema theory? • What is intrinsic feedback? • What is extrinsic feedback? • What is knowledge of results? • What is knowledge of performance? • Give examples • Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback. • What are the advantages of feedback?

  16. Schema theory • Schema = a set of generalized rules or rules that are generic to a group of movements • Recall Schema = memory with regard to the choice and initiation of action • Recognition Schema = memory for the feel of a movement, allows for changes in action • Both schema’s require LTM recall

  17. Feedback Information resulting from an action or response • Intrinsic Feedback: available to a player without outside help. The feel of a movement. • Extrinsic Feedback: provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch). Can be given during (concurrent) or after (terminal) performance.

  18. Feedback • Knowledge of Results (KR): • post-response information about the outcome of an action. • Mostly visual, or a time, or a distance.

  19. Feedback • Knowledge of Performance (KP): • post-response information concerning the nature of the movement. • The ‘feel’ of a movement • Knowledge of sensory consequences • Concurrent or terminal

  20. Feedback • Positive feedback: • What you did well • Prescriptive feedback (how to improve) • Negative feedback: • Concentrates on errors • Should be followed with prescriptive feedback • Can be demotivating esp with beginners

  21. Feedback & learning • Summarise this section of your text on page 121 in your words & with your opinion on negative feedback – • does it have a place in sport? • Should it be used with beginners, experienced athletes or neither? Why/why not…

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