PGT 201E- INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICES

1. PGT 201E- INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICES Dr. Rozinah Jamaludin Monday 3-5 pm DKW Semester 1 2008/2009

2. Important Information • Course Coordinator: Dr. Rozinah Jamaludin • Ext. 2611/3431, e-mail: rozinah@usm.my • Dr. Balakrishnan Muniandy • Ext. 3875, e-mail: mbala@usm.my • Moodle site: http://kursus-ptpm.usm.my/kursus • Create Username and your own password. I will verify the next day or anytime I am online. • Blended learning Approach

3. Introduction • Definition of Technology • History of Instructional Technology • Evolution of Instructional Technology • Definition of Instructional Technology • Educational Technology or Instructional Technology?

4. Technology • The word technology, as used by scientists and philosophers of science, refers to the means by which we make science work to solve practical problems. There may or may not be machines involved in technology, but there is always the application of science. Technology, in its truest form, refers to endeavors to solve human problems

5. Technology • Technology does not need to be electronics or machines. It is a word for a tool that we use to solve practical problems. It could be a scientific methodology, organized knowledge or the systematic application of practical tasks. • Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques.

6. History of Instructional Technology • The first use of instructional technology cannot be attributed to a specific person or time. Many histories of instructional technology start in the early 1900s, while others go back to the 1600s. This depends on the definition of instructional technology. Definitions that focus on a systems approach tend to reach further back in history, while those definitions focused on sensory devices are relatively more recent. • The use of audio and visual instruction was boosted as a military response to the problems of a labor shortage during WWII in the United States. There was a definitive need to fill the factories with skilled labor. Instructional technology provided a methodology for training in a systematic and efficient manner.

7. Instruction • Instruction is a process of decision-making and activities that are made and carried out in order to procure the desired out comes for learners. That is including such as examination of learners prior knowledge, determining the structure and combination of learning materials, determining goals and the required capabilities for the desired learning outcomes and so forth.

8. Evolution of IT In recent years, there has been a rapid infusion of technology into instruction (Bonk & King, 1998; Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1996; Fisher, Dwyer, & Yocam, 1997; Grabe & Grabe, 1998; Jonassen, Peck, & Wilson, 1999). Technology (the Greek form of technė, translated as art, craft or skill) was conceived by the ancient Greeks as a particular activity and as a kind of knowledge. The development of a new process for doing something, for example, is considered as technology (Saettler, 1990). Since then, however, authors such as Clark (1988) have argued that a 'craft' and 'technology' are not synonymous, and that we should think of them as such is detrimental to the field.

9. Evolution of IT “It is unclear who first used the term educational technology. We have documented evidence that Franklin Bobbit and W.W. Charters used educational engineering in the 1920’s. The first author first heard educational technology used by W.W. Charters in an interview with this author in 1948… The late James D. Finn used instructional technology in a forward he wrote for the first publication of the NEA sponsored Technological Development Project in 1963. However, the focus of the application was audiovisual communications” (Saettler, 1990, p. 17).

10. Evolution of IT However, in the 1977 Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT, 1977) definition had made a distinction between ‘Educational’ and ‘Instructional Technology’ and ‘Technology in Education’. ‘Educational Technology’ was first seen as a tool technology. It referred to the use of devices, media and hardware for educational purposes. ‘Instructional Technology’ was defined as a subset of ‘Educational Technology’ using the rationale that instruction is a subset of education which deals only with learning that is purposive and controlled (AECT, 1977). ‘Technology in Education’ was used to describe technological applications used by support systems for education such as grade reporting, scheduling, and finance.

11. Evolution of IT AECT (1977) therefore defined “instructional technology as a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analysing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, in situations in which learning is purposive and controlled” (Part 1-16).

12. Paradigms of Educational Technology • Physical science or media paradigm • Films, tv, audio-video equipment. • Behavioral science paradigm • Environmental factors shapes behavior • Audio-visual communication and systems concept paradigm • Communication models and processes. • Cognitive science paradigm • Mental processes • Constructivist paradigm. • Knowledge is constructed based on prior knowledge.

13. Current Status of IT • Instructional technology is a growing field of study which uses technology as a means to solve educational challenges, both in the classroom and in distance learning environments. • While instructional technology promises solutions to many educational problems, resistance from faculty and administrators to the use of technology in the classroom is not unusual. This reaction can arise from the belief - or fear - that the ultimate aim of instructional technology is to reduce or even remove the human element of instruction. However, most instructional technologists wouldcounter that education will always require human intervention from instructors or facilitators. • Many graduate programs are producing instructional designers, who increasingly are being employed by industry and universities to create materials for distance education programs. These professionals often employ e-learning tools, which provide distance learners the opportunity to interact with instructors and experts in the field, even if they are not located physically close to each other.

14. Relation to learning theory • The purpose of instructional technology, of course, is the promotion of learning. Learning theory (education) has influenced Instructional design and Instructional designers (the practitioners of Instructional Technology). Instructional Technologies promote communication and interactivity. These two come together under the general heading of Interaction. • Moore (1989) argues that there are three types of learner interaction (learner-content, learner-instructor, and learner-learner interactions). In the years since Moore's article, several philosophical views have surfaced that relate Instructional technology to these types of interaction.

15. Development of Instructional Technology in Malaysia • 1949-1971: the use of visual • 1972-1979: influence of mass media like educational radio and television • 1980 – 1990: development of resource centre and computer education • 1990 and beyond: The Age of Internet.

16. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • IT is the scientific and systematic application of strategies and techniques for better outcomes from a processs of teaching and learning. • Confused IT referred to computerized education or on-line courses. • IT doesn’t mean what kind of tools we use or what kind of forms of learning environment.

17. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of process and resources for learning. Barbara Seels, Rita Richey. (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definitions and Domains of the Field. Washington, D.C. , Association for Educational Coommunications and Technology.

18. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • The Assocciation for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) (1994) defines IT as “the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.” • Silber (1970) describes IT as “the development… of instructional systems components (messages, people, materials, devices, techniques, settings) and the management of the development… in a systematic manner with the goal of solving educational problems”.

19. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • Tickton (1970), “ instructional technology is a way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and employing a communication of human and non-human resources to bring about more effective instruction.”

20. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • Therefore, IT stands as a method, process, or tool used to make instruction more efficient.

21. Areas in Instructional Technology • Within the field of instructional technology, there are many specific areas of focus. While instructional technology can apply to the military and corporate settings, educational technology is instructional technology applied to a learning and teaching environment. • Razavi (2005) advocates that educational technology covers instructional technology. It includes instructional technology and the field study in human teaching and learning. So educational technology is broader than instructional technology. Instructional technology itself is consisted from two major parts. One is teaching technology and another is learning technology. In the education industry, the term "instructional technology" is frequently used interchangeably with "educational technology."

22. Other Areas in Instructional Technology • Cooperative learning • Human Performance Technology • Instructional Systems Design • ADDIE Model • Mind map • Distance education • SCORM • Blended learning • Mnemonic • Project-based learning • Information mapping • Assistive technology • Educational animation • Computer-adaptive test • Educational evaluation • Rubrics (education) • Usability testing • Programmed instruction • Verbal behavior

23. Other Areas in Instructional Technology • Learning theory (education) • Educational psychology • Educational research • Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge • M-learning • E-learning • Flexible Learning • Confidence-Based Learning • Mind Map • Habituation • Sleep-learning • Metacognition • Overlearning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning • Zone of proximal development • Bloom's taxonomy

24. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • Definitions of Instructional technology on the Web: • The use of computers, multimedia, and other technological tools to enhance the teaching and learning process. Sometimes referred to as educational technology. www.iteawww.org/TAA/Glossary.htm • Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems. www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/Mchizari/AEA/Page/Class%209/definitions.htm • The use of technology (computers, compact disc, interactive media, modem, satellite, teleconferencing, etc.) to support learning. www.neiu.edu/~dbehrlic/hrd408/glossary.htm • various types of hardware and software, combined with innovative teaching methods, to accommodate students' learning needs in the classroom. (See 377) highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072494638/student_view0/chapter12/glossary.html • Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems. Instructional Technology = Instructional Design + Instructional Development Instructional technology is the systematic application of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development. www-personal.umich.edu/~cberger/def-inst.html

25. Definition of Instructional Technology (IT) • Instructional technology is the systemic and systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems. • Instructional Technology = Instructional Design + Instructional Development • Instructional technology is the systematic application of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development. • Instructional Development: The process of implementing the design plans.

26. References Albright, M.J. (1995). Reaffirming Instructional technology as an Imperative for Higher Education as We Approach the Third Millennium. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Educational Media Institute, South African Association for Research and Development of Higher Education, Cape Town. Beattie, S. (1999). What is Educational Technology? BiblioTech. 1(1) Available online http://www2.augustana.edu/library/Newsletter1/index.htm . Commission on Instructional Technology. (1970). To improve learning. A report to the President and the Congress of the United States. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Jones, B.W. (1999). A Differentiating Definition of Instructional Technology and Educational Technology. Available online: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/7941/trmpprh.html Seels, B.B. and Richey, R.C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. Washington, D.C: AECT. Silber, K.H. (1970). What field are we in, anyhow? Audiovisual Instruction, (15(5), pp. 21-24. Tickton, S.G. (1970). To improve learning: An evaluation of instructional technology. New York: R.R. Bowker Company. Webster’s Dictionary (1989). Edited by Patterson, R.F. and Litt, D. Miami, FL, P.S.I. & Associates, Inc.

27. Thank you