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Imperialism. The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA. Mid-1800s Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa. Africa (1880). DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873). Scottish missionary 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa Explored Africa Named Lake Victoria after the British queen
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The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA • Mid-1800s • Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa
DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) • Scottish missionary • 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa • Explored Africa • Named Lake Victoria after the British queen • Converted many Africans to Christianity • Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest • Mapped the “Dark Continent” • Opened interior of Africa to commerce and Christianity • 1871 – reported “lost” • “Found” by Henry Stanley • “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
The Scramble for Africa # 1. Colonization of Africa by Europeans 1880-1914 #3 Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium King Leopold II of Belgium
Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century • Britain’s advantages • The spread of industrialization
Economic Motives #1 Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods • Control means of production
Cecil Rhodes #9 • British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources • Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa
“The Rhodes Colossus” This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.
Motives #1 • Religious: tospread the benefits of Christianity and Western Culture • Political: competition fuel by Nationalism, Empire Building
Justification for Imperialism • A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism • Social Darwinism Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer
Christianity Civilization Describe 3 examples of European ethnocentrism in the political cartoon.
Imperialism Quote • “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement.” • Jomo Kenyatta – 1st President of Kenya • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples
Imperialism Quote • Desmond Tutu … “when the missionaries came to Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘let us close our eyes and pray’. When we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had the land”. • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples
Reasons for Imperialism • Nationalism • Pride in one’s own country would result in competition with other countries
Racial reasons • Europeans saw themselves as the most advanced civilization and it was their duty to “civilize” people in Africa • It’s during this time that Rudyard Kipling writes “The White Man’s Burden” (1899) • Originally about American take over of Philippines
The Berlin Conference1884 #4 Rules to divide Africa among European powers to avoid conflict among European powers= Artificial Borders
European Control of Africa By 1914, only two African nations remained independent Liberia and Ethiopia #2
Methods of Management • Indirect Rule: This form relied on using the existing African political rulers. • Britain sometimes asked local chiefs to accept British rule and legislative councils were formed and included colonial (European) officials and merchants. • The idea was that these councils would train the Africans, and at some point in time, these territories would be able to rule themselves, much like Australia and Canada.
Methods of Management • Direct Rule: The French and most other European countries preferred stronger control because they felt that Africans were not civilized enoughto rule themselves. • They adopted a policy of paternalism, in which the Europeans acted like the Africans’ parents in providing for their survival, but denying them rights. • They avoided training locals, and instead, brought along Europeans to rule the Africans. • The French also supported a policy of assimilation, in which the native population would take on French customs and culture and be like them. • African customs and culture were looked at as inferior, or not as good as French culture.
Direct vs. Indirect Rule #6 European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were ruled through existing traditional rulers Example: Nigeria Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer Example: Senegal Result: loss of power and influence By Traditional rulers
Cash Crop/Money Economy #7 • Africans sold labor to make money to pay taxes • Problems • Created dependence on Colonial rulers
5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
