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The Middle East, 1977-2000

Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945. The Middle East, 1977-2000. Egyptian-Israeli Peace 1977-9. January 1977: Carter in US May 1977: Begin (Likud) in Israel November 1977: Sadat visits Jerusalem September 1978: Camp David talks March 1979: Egyptian-Israeli treaty signed

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The Middle East, 1977-2000

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  1. Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945 The Middle East, 1977-2000

  2. Egyptian-Israeli Peace 1977-9 • January 1977: Carter in US • May 1977: Begin (Likud) in Israel • November 1977: Sadat visits Jerusalem • September 1978: Camp David talks • March 1979: Egyptian-Israeli treaty signed • Ends state of war between them • Israel restores Sinai to Egypt

  3. Limits to the Camp David Process • Peace for Israel and leading Arab state • Seemed to fulfil Resolution 242: ‘land for peace’ • But a limited settlement: • Other Arabs isolate Sadat: assassinated in October 1981 • No peace with Jordan and Syria • Palestinian problem continues • Instability in Lebanon and Persian Gulf

  4. Lebanon: the Problem • Civil unrest since 1975 with breakdown of post-war political system: • Diverse groups: Christians; Muslims; Druze; Palestinians • Divisions within Christian and Muslim camps • External powers become involved: • April 1976: large-scale Syrian deployments • March 1978: Israeli ‘security zone’ in southern Lebanon • March 1978: UN force deployed in south

  5. Lebanon: Israeli invasion • Israeli-Palestinian tension: • July 1981: ‘two week war’, then ceasefire • June 1982: attack on Israeli ambassador to London • The Invasion, June 1982 • June: Iran sends ‘Hezbollah’ fighters • August: PLO leaves Beirut • August: Multinational Force deployed in Beirut • September: Sabra and Shatila massacres • Aftermath: • 1984: Multinational Force withdrawn • 1990: effective end of civil war • 2000: Israeli forces leave southern Lebanon

  6. The Gulf: Iran’s Revolution • Unpopular regime of the Shah • Pro-US, autocrat, secret police • Oil rich, but economic crisis c. 1975 • Opposition: liberals, Marxists, Islamists • Revolution of 1978-9 • September 1978: martial law • January 1979: Shah goes into exile • February: return of Ayatollah Khomeini – Islamic reform under Revolutionary Council • November: US Embassy occupied – hostages crisis lasts until January 1980

  7. The Gulf: Iran-Iraq War • Causes of war: • Border disputes • Saddam’s fear of Islamic Revolution • Khomeini’s criticism of Ba’ath rule • Key points: • September 1980: Iraqi invasion of Iran • July 1982: Revolutionary Guards cross Iraqi border • 1983-4: US arms to Iraq • End of the War: • Deadlocked conflict for years • Increased US backing for Iraq in 1987 • July 1988: Khomeini accepts peace

  8. The Gulf: the War of 1990-91 • Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait, 2 August 1990 • Iraq $80 billion in debt • Iraq-Kuwait differ over oil prices • Iraqi claim to Kuwait • The Gulf War • US opposes invasion; Saudis fear attack • Coalition created: UN backing for force • January-February 1991: ‘Desert Storm’ • Impact and Aftermath: • Kuwait liberated but Saddam retains power • Element in Bush’s ‘new world order’ • US ‘dual containment’ of Iraq and Iran in 1990s

  9. The Intifada • Lack of progress on Palestine in 1980s • 1982: Israel and Arabs lukewarm on ‘Reagan Plan’ for Palestinian autonomy • Israeli settlements in West Bank and Gaza • Violence continues: Achille Lauro 1986 • Impact of the Intifada • Begins 9 December 1987 in Gaza • Spontaneous uprising by Palestinians • January 1988: Hamas created - alternative to PLO • December1988: Arafat renounces terrorism

  10. The Oslo Accords • The Road to the Accords • Rising US influence: collapse of USSR; Gulf War; Madrid conference • June 1992: Rabin wins Israeli election • Secret contacts with PLO via Norway • The ‘Declaration of Principles’, 13 September 1993 • Seeks just and lasting settlement • Palestinian authority in West Bank and Gaza • But initial Palestinian area to be limited • Israel remains responsible for security • Much left to negotiate: refugees, Jerusalem

  11. Stalling of the Oslo Accords • Initial Successes • June 1994: ‘Palestinian National Authority’ • July 1994: Israel, Jordan end state of war • January 1996: Palestinian elections • Opposition to the Accords • November 1995: Rabin assassinated • Hamas opposes deal: suicide bombings • 1996-99: Netanyahu in Israel • Difficulties of Negotiation • No Israel-Syria peace • Deadlines missed on Oslo deal • September 2000: ‘Second Intifada’ begins

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