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Prenatal development (con’t)

Prenatal development (con’t). Prenatal testing and screening. Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down syndrome (mental retardation & physical abnormalities) Amniocentesis draws fluid from amniotic sac Ultrasound or sonography uses high-frequency sound waves Fetoscopy

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Prenatal development (con’t)

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  1. Prenatal development (con’t)

  2. Prenatal testing and screening • Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down syndrome (mental retardation & physical abnormalities) • Amniocentesis • draws fluid from amniotic sac • Ultrasound or sonography • uses high-frequency sound waves • Fetoscopy • small incision and optical viewer • Chorionic villus sampling • snip tissue from fetal sac • Maternal Blood Analysis/Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein

  3. Fetoscopy • Amniocentesis

  4. Ultrasound

  5. Fetal Monitoring • Track the baby’s heart rate during labor. • Safe procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations.

  6. Types of Delivery Methods • Normal Delivery (Spontaneous vaginal delivery SVD) • Forcept • Vacuum • Induction • Cesarean

  7. Used when the mother’s pushing during the second stage of labor does not cause the baby to move through the birth canal in a reasonable amount of time. Forceps are metal clamps placed around the baby’s head to pull the infant from the birth canal. Risk: can result in head injury or brain damage Forceps Delivery

  8. A vacuum extractor is a suction tube that is attached to a plastic cup placed on the baby’s head. Vacuum Extraction

  9. Induced Labor • Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion and giving the mother a hormone that stimulates contractions. • Used when continuing the pregnancy threatens the well-being of mother or baby • Contractions often longer, harder, and closer together.

  10. A cesarean delivery is a surgical birth in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen & lifts the baby out of the uterus. When babies are in a breech position (turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first) cesareans are often justified. Although the operation is safe, mothers need more time for recovery and cesarean newborns are more likely to be sleepy and unresponsive & to have breathing difficulties. Cesarean Delivery

  11. Stages of Childbirth What signs indicate that labor is near? Stage 1: Time interval? What happens? Stage 2: Time interval? What happens? Stage 3: Time interval? What happens?

  12. The Birth Process

  13. Stage 1 : Dilation of the cervix • The longest stage of labor • First baby  12 - 14 hours • Sebsequent babies  4 - 6 hours • Dilation of the cervix • is the widening and thinning of the cervix  resulting in a clear pathway from the uterus into the birth canal. • Contractions are forceful and regular Gradually, they get closer together, occurring every 2 to 3 minutes, and become more powerful, continuing for as long as 60 seconds. • Transition is reached when the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely.

  14. The Birth Process Stage 1 Figure 7.10.1

  15. In Stage 2 : Delivery of the Baby • First baby 50 minutes • Subsequent births  20 minutes • Strong contractions continue  mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles  forcing the baby down and out. • An episiotomy is a small incision at the perineum increases size of the vaginal opening  permits baby to pass without damaging the mother’s tissues. • The baby’s head crowns when the vaginal opening stretches around the entire head.

  16. Stage 2 Stage 3 Figure 7.10.2

  17. Stage 3: Delivery of the Placenta • The final stage lasts about 5 to 10 minutes. • The final contractions and pushes cause the placenta to separate from the uterine wall and be delivered.

  18. BIRTH COMPLICATIONS • Faulty Power • Problem with mother • Contraction not strong enough • Faulty Passageway • Problem in the uterus • Placenta Previa • Placenta Abruption • Faulty Passenger • Problem with baby • Breech • Head too big

  19. Low-Birth-Weight Baby • Weigh less than 2,500gm • 2 category • Preterm (premature) • Baby born before completing the 35th week of gestation • Small for date • May not be preterm but weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age

  20. Low-Birth-Weight • 1 in 16 infants is born underweight • More common among low-income, ethnic minority pregnant women. • Small-for-date babies are associated with more serious problems • Infections • Brain damage • Infant death • Poor school achievement • Probably due to inadequate nutrition before birth. Perhaps mothers didn’t eat well or placenta did not function normally or babies themselves have defects that prevent them from growing normally.

  21. Preterm Babies

  22. Factors influencing the development during prenatal period • Parents age • Too Young • Mum too old • Dad too old • Mother’s Pregnancy History • Frequent pregnancy • Frequent miscarriage/abortion • Mother’s Physical condition • Size (too fat/ thin) • Mother’s Diet • Mother’s Emotion • Teratogenic Agent

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