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Trends in Gender and Ethnic Occupational Segregation in England and Wales

This study examines longitudinal evidence on trends in occupational segregation by gender and ethnicity in England and Wales. It analyzes data from the 1991 and 2001 Censuses, comparing changing patterns of concentration. The study highlights the decline in occupational segregation and discusses the implications of these findings.

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Trends in Gender and Ethnic Occupational Segregation in England and Wales

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  1. Trends in gender and ethnic occupational segregation in England and Wales: Longitudinal evidenceby L. Blackwell and D. Guinea-Martin

  2. Introduction • Definitions • Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity in the 1991 Census • Data used • Methods - Comparability and context: longitudinal evidence • 1991 and 2001 compared • Changing patterns of concentration

  3. Definitions Overall Segregation • Occupational segregation describes the tendency for different groups in the population (women and men, ethnic groups, full- and part-timers) to work in different occupations. Vertical Segregation • Segregation has a vertical dimension when different groups have different shares of the more and less disadvantaged occupations, however these are defined (eg pay). Occupational concentration • Occupational concentration describes the over-representation of a group in a particular occupation or group of occupations

  4. Data used (1) Longitudinal Study Census LFS 1971 + events 1981 + events 1991 10 % x-section 1991 1991 + events 1996 100 % x-section 2001 2001 2001 + events 1 % linked n = 60,000

  5. Occupational sex segregation over time (standardised Gini indices) 1971 1981 1991 1996 2001 2001 (CO70) (CO80) (SOC90) (SOC90) (SOC2000) (SOC90) Census - - 0.78 - 0.69 - LFS - - 0.76 0.75 0.72 ONS LS 0.81 0.80 0.77 - 0.70 0.72 (no person imput.)

  6. Occupational sex segregation by ethnic group 1991 & 2001 (standardised Gini indices)

  7. Standardised Somer’s D indices for vertical sex segregation by ethnic group 1991 & 2001

  8. Vertical sex segregation by ethnic group 1991 & 2001 • In all groups except Bangladeshi, men were more likely to be in better-paying occupations than women • Men’s advantage decreased slightly over the 1990s, except among Chinese people for whom male advantage slightly increased (0.02) • Among Bangladeshis, women were more likely than men to be in better-paying jobs, though this advantage decreased over the 1990s. This coincided with an increase in Bangladeshi female employment rates, albeit from a very low level in 1991 (from 13 to 21 per cent)

  9. Discussion • Decline in occupational sex segregation is consistent with other findings (Elliott & Gerova 2005, Blackburn and Jarman 2005 ) • Consistency of decline across ethnic groups suggests structural change, given the flux in the minority ethnic labour force that longitudinal evidence shows.

  10. Comparability of ethnic classification: longitudinal evidence (Simpson & Akinwale 2005) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2001 groups left out: • White/B.Caribbean • White/B. African • White/Asian • Other mixed 1991/2001 groups left out: • Other Black • Other Asian • Other Ethnic Group White 99.5 B.Caribbean 77.2 B.African 77.4 Indian 91 Pakistani 91.9 Bangladeshi 93.4 Chinese 91

  11. Comparability between Standard Occupational Classifications used in the 1991 and 2001 Censuses • Gini scores based at Minor Group Level. • Why Minor Group Level? Finest classification with least zeros. • Why finest? Broad classifications ‘average out’ segregation.

  12. Ethnic differences in economic activity for men aged 16 to 64 (Source: 100 per cent 2001 Census data)

  13. Ethnic differences in economic activity for women aged 16 to 59 (Source: 100 per cent 2001 Census data)

  14. Ethnic variation in economic activity over time: 1991/01 economic activity of males aged 26-65 in 2001 by 2001 ethnic group (Source: ONS Longitudinal Study) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 70.8 22.3 6.9 White 56.7 32.1 11.1 Black Caribbean 49.2 36.3 14.5 Black African 62.1 28.6 9.2 Indian 44.9 34.4 20.7 Pakistani 40.5 32.1 27.3 Bangladeshi 63.1 27.3 9.6 Chinese In work at both Censuses In work at one Census Not in work at either

  15. Ethnic variation in economic activity over time:1991/01 economic activity of males aged 26-65 in 2001 by 2001 ethnic group (Source: ONS Longitudinal Study) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 49.1 33.6 17.3 White 48.7 33.9 17.4 Black Caribbean 39.6 37.2 23.2 Black African 40.4 36.7 22.9 Indian 12.2 21.8 66.0 Pakistani 7.9 15.7 76.5 Bangladeshi 40.1 38.2 21.7 Chinese In work at both Censuses In work at one Census Not in work at either

  16. Demography and presence over time

  17. Demography and presence over time

  18. Demography and presence over time

  19. Demography and presence over time

  20. Demography and presence over time

  21. Demography and presence over time

  22. Next steps • Further cross-sectional work: analysis of segregation of full- and part-timers, manual/non-manual, UK- and non UK-born using the LS. • Use NCDS to derive occupational segregation indices for 1958 cohort. • Use NCDS to examine underlying work histories. • At the same time, the LS will help assess the representativeness of the NCDS sample.

  23. Economic activity by data source and sex (2001 LS; 1999/2000 NCDS)

  24. Occupation by data source and sex (2001 LS; 1999/2000 NCDS)

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