Optical Mineralogy in a Nutshell

1. Optical Mineralogy in a Nutshell Use of the petrographic microscope in three easy lessons Part I © Jane Selverstone, University of New Mexico, 2003 Used and modified with permission.

2. Why use the microscope?? • Identify minerals (no guessing!) • Determine rock type • Determine crystallization sequence • Document deformation history • Observe frozen-in reactions • Constrain P-T history • Note weathering/alteration • Fun, powerful, and cheap!

3. The petrographic microscope Also called a polarizing microscope In order to use the scope, we need to understand a little about the physics of light, and then learn some tools and tricks…

4. your eye light travels as waves amplitude, A wavelength, l light ray waves travel from source to eye light source What happens as light moves through the scope?

5. Can prove this with a prism, which separates white light into its constituent wavelengths/colors What happens as light moves through the scope? Microscope light is white light, i.e. it’s made up of lots of different wavelengths; Each wavelength of light corresponds to a different color

6. propagation direction light vibrates in all planes that contain the light ray (i.e., all planes perpendicular to the propagation direction plane of vibration vibration direction What happens as light moves through the scope?

7. west (left) east (right) Only the component of light vibrating in E-W direction can pass through lower polarizer – light intensity decreases 1) Light passes through the lower polarizer Unpolarized light Plane polarized light PPL=plane polarized light

8. north (back) south (front) Black!! 2) Insert the upper polarizer west (left) east (right) Now what happens? What reaches your eye? Why would anyone design a microscope that prevents light from reaching your eye??? XPL=crossed nicols (crossed polars)

9. Light and colors reach eye! 3) Now insert a thin section of a rock west (left) Unpolarized light east (right) Light vibrating E-W Light vibrating in many planes and with many wavelengths How does this work??

10. Conclusion has to be that minerals somehow reorient the planes in which light is vibrating; some light passes through the upper polarizer But, note that some minerals are different. Some grains stay dark and thus can’t be reorienting light even when the stage is rotated.

11. 4) Note the rotating stage Most mineral grains change color as the stage is rotated; these grains go black 4 times in 360° rotation-exactly every 90o These minerals are anisotropic Glass and a few minerals stay black in all orientations These minerals are isotropic

12. Some generalizations and vocabulary • All isometric minerals (e.g., garnet) are isotropic – they cannot reorient light. These minerals are always black in crossed polars. • All other minerals are anisotropic–they are all capable of reorienting light. • All anisotropic minerals contain one or two special directions that do not reorient light. • Minerals with one special direction are called uniaxial • Minerals with two special directions are called biaxial

13. All anisotropic minerals can resolve light into two plane polarized components that travel at different velocities and vibrate in planes that are perpendicular to one another Some light is now able to pass through the upper polarizer fast ray slow ray mineral grain • When light gets split: • velocity changes • rays get bent (refracted) • 2 new vibration directions • usually see new colors plane polarized light W E lower polarizer

14. A brief review… • Isotropic minerals: light does not get rotated or split; propagates with same velocity in all directions • Anisotropic minerals: • Uniaxial - light entering in all but one special direction is resolved into 2 plane polarized components that vibrate perpendicular to one another and travel with different speeds • Biaxial - light entering in all but two special directions is resolved into 2 plane polarized components… • Along the special directions (“optic axes”), the mineral thinks that it is isotropic - i.e., no splitting occurs • Uniaxial and biaxial minerals can be further subdivided into optically positive and optically negative, depending on orientation of fast and slow rays relative to xtl axes

15. Isometric • All crystallographic axes are equal length • crystallographic axes measure the sides of the unit cell • Hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal • All axes c are equal but c is unique Orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic • All axes are unequal in length How light behaves depends on crystal structure Isotropic Uniaxial Biaxial Same light speed everywhere Light splits in two except along optic axis Two optic axes Let’s use all of this information to help us identify minerals

16. Mineral properties: color & pleochroism • Color is observed only in PPL • Not an inherent property - changes with light type/intensity • Results from selective absorption of certain l of light • Pleochroism results when different l are absorbed differently by different crystallographic directions - • rotate stage to observe hbl hbl plag plag • Plagioclase is colorless • Hornblende is pleochroic in olive greens

17. n1 n1 n2 n2 n2>n1 n2<n1 Mineral properties: Index of refraction (R.I. or n) Light is refracted when it passes from one substance to another; refraction is accompanied by a change in velocity the normal to the interface is show as a vertical black line • n is a function of crystallographic orientation in anisotropic minerals • isotropic minerals: characterized by one RI • uniaxial minerals: characterized by two RI • biaxial minerals: characterized by three RI • n gives rise to 2 easily measured parameters: relief & birefringence • Discussion: the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal. • A “normal” is a perpendicular to the boundary between the substances.

18. - Olivine has high relief - Plag has low relief plag olivine olivine: n=1.64-1.88 plag: n=1.53-1.57 epoxy: n=1.54 Mineral properties: relief • Relief is a measure of the relative difference in n between a mineral grain and its surroundings • Relief is determined visually, in PPL • Relief is used to estimate n

19. Hi relief (+) Lo relief (+) Hi relief (-) nxtl > nepoxy nxtl = nepoxy nxtl < nepoxy What causes relief? Difference in speed of light (n) in different materials causes refraction of light rays, which can lead to focusing or defocusing of grain edges relative to their surroundings

20. Mineral properties: interference colors/birefringence • Colors one observed when polars are crossed (XPL) • Color can be quantified numerically: d = nhigh - nlow

21. Use of interference figures or Uniaxial Biaxial If Uniaxial, isogyres define cross; arms remain N-S/E-W as stage is rotated If Biaxial, isogyres define curve that rotates with stage, or cross that breaks up as stage is rotated • Find a grain that stays dark with crossed polars when the stage is rotated. Either the grain is isotropic, or anisotropic and the optic axis is aligned with the microscope optics • With crossed polars, the condenser in, the diaphragm open, and either the bertand lens in, OR the eyepiece removed, you will see a very small, circular field of view with one or more black isogyres • Rotate the stage and watch the isogyre(s)

22. Use of interference figures, continued… • You can determine the optic sign of the mineral: • Rotate stage until isogyre is concave to NE (if biaxial) • Insert gypsum accessory plate • Note color in NE, immediately adjacent to isogyre -- • Blue = (+) • Yellow = (-) Uniaxial (+) (+) Biaxial

23. A brief review… • Isotropic minerals: light does not get rotated or split; propagates with same velocity in all directions • Anisotropic minerals: • Uniaxial - light entering in all but one special direction is resolved into 2 plane polarized components that vibrate perpendicular to one another and travel with different speeds • Biaxial - light entering in all but two special directions is resolved into 2 plane polarized components… • Along the special directions (“optic axes”), the mineral thinks that it is isotropic - i.e., no splitting occurs • Uniaxial and biaxial minerals can be further subdivided into optically positive and optically negative, depending on orientation of fast and slow rays relative to xtl axes You are now well on your way to being able to identify all of the common minerals (and many of the uncommon ones, too)!!