Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

1. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

2. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry • Section 1 – Properties of Carbon • Standards 6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

3. Carbon Atoms and Bonding • Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

4. Forms of Pure Carbon • Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon • Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in which each carbon atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms • Formed from high temps and pressure • Melting point is more than 3500 C

5. Forms of Pure Carbon • Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in flat layers • Bonds are very weak • “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite

6. Forms of Pure Carbon • Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere • Called buckyballs after an architect • Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder • Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong

7. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry • Section 2 – Carbon Compounds • Standards 3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers 6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

8. Organic Compounds • Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon • Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility • Many are gases at room temperature • Many have a strong odor • Many do not dissolve in water

9. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbon – compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen • Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water • All hydrocarbons are flammable

10. Structure of Hydrocarbons • The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be straight, branched or ring-shaped • Structural formula – shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule • Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas C4H10 C4H10

11. Structure of Hydrocarbons • Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached • Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons

12. Structure of Hydrocarbons • Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon • Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups • hydroxyl group –OH • Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups • carboxyl group –COOH • Ester – compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid

13. Polymers • Polymer – large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together • Monomer – smaller molecules that make up polymers

14. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry • Section 3 – Polymers and Composites • Standards 3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers 6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

15. Forming Polymers • Polymers form when chemical bonds link larger numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern

16. Polymers and Composites • Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids • Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins • The properties of a protein depend on which amino acids are used and in what order • Examples – finger nails, spider web

17. Polymers and Composites • Composites – combines two or more substances in a new material with different properties • Many composite materials include one or more polymers • Examples – fishing rods, snow boards

18. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry • Section 4 – Life with Carbon • Standards 6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms 6.b – Students know that living organisms are made of molecules

19. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose is in your body – C6H12O6) • Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another

20. Proteins • Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids • Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins • Each amino acid molecule has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH3) • The body uses proteins from food to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities

21. Lipids • Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen • Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol • Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates • Fatty acids – organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil • Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in animal cells

22. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus • Two types – DNA and RNA • Elements that make up all living things… • C – Carbon • H – Hydrogen • N – Nitrogen • O – Oxygen • P – Phosphorus • S – Sulfur