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CELLS

CELLS. Original by Kent School District 2006 Minor changes (in yellow) Made by Carol Parker 10/3/10, Slides added are in dark blue stripes. Standard S7L2. Students will describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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CELLS

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  1. CELLS Original by Kent School District 2006 Minor changes (in yellow) Made by Carol Parker 10/3/10, Slides added are in dark blue stripes

  2. Standard S7L2. Students will describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. • Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials. • Relate the structure (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic cell functions. • Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms. • Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs that cells have for oxygen, food and waste. • Explain the purpose of the major organ systems in the human body (i.e. digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination, and protection from disease.

  3. History • In 1665 Robert Hooke discovered cells (dead) using a primitive microscope. • 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living cells in pond water • Matthias Schleiden (1838 - plants) and Theodore Schwann (1839 - animals) observed plant and animal cells concluding that all living things are made of cells. They co-authored what is now known as the cell theory in 1839. • Rudolf Virchow (1855) hypothesized that all cells come from other existing living cells.

  4. Cell Theory • All organisms are made up of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of living things. • All cells come from other living cells. Think about it…. Which one(s) of these did Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow obviously directly contribute to?

  5. Cell Types ProkaryoticEukaryotic • Simple - Complex • No Nucleus - Nucleus • Ex. Bacteria -Ex. plants, animals fungi,and protists

  6. Consider this… • How does a Euglena differ from a pine tree? Alive or Dead? Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? Can both Reproduce? Do both have tissues, and organ systems?

  7. WHAT CELLS NEED

  8. WHY do Cells NEED to take in Nutrients? • In order to grow and develop • To divide (by mitosis) • And to make needed materials Think about it…. What do you think happens when they divide? Why do they need to divide?

  9. Characteristics of Cells • Basic unit of structure of living things • Respond to their environment • Grow & develop • UseEnergy • Reproduce • Use raw materials • Give off wastes Think about it…. Do you see ROGER in this list?

  10. cytoplasm

  11. Cytoplasm: Gel-like material inside cells ( includes cytosol and organelles). Three basic parts of a cell: Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

  12. Cell Membrane: Phospholipidbilayer, the “GATE KEEPER”—Controls what goes in and what goes out !! Clip

  13. NUCLEUS: Directs and controls all cell activities Viewed with the electron microscope

  14. Think about it… If the cell membrane holds the cell together and controls what goes into and out of the cell, what do you think holds nuclear material inside the nucleus and controls what goes into and out of the nucleus? Nuclear Membrane

  15. NUCLEOLUS: Found inside nucleus, it makes theribosomeswhich later make proteins;

  16. CHROMATIN (DNA)(chromosomes): Contains genes or instructions for cell’s activities (found in nucleus) Clip Under the electron microscope:

  17. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Pathway(network of tubules)for moving materials around the cell (the “express-way”); usually close to the nucleus.

  18. RIBOSOMES: Make protein! Under the electron microscope: A simple diagram Under the electron microscope:

  19. MITOCHONDRIA: Rod shaped, it releases energy (by cellular respiration) in the cell; it is the “powerhouse” of the cell. Clip Under the electron microscope:

  20. Think about it …. A cell like a cardiac (heart) muscle or a liver cell needs a LOT of energy, so what organelle might you expect to have a larger number of than a cell like a skin cell? Mitochondria

  21. CHLOROPLAST: uses chlorophyll to trap sunlight and convert it into cell energy (Found in plantsand some protists). Under the microscope

  22. CELL WALL: The outer structure in plant cells, made of cellulose; Also found in eubacteria, fungi, algae and some archaebacteria, although made of different materials. Gives support, protection and shape to plant cells. Under the microscope

  23. VACUOLES: Store water, food, and waste products in all plant and fungal cells and some animal, protist, and bacterial although greatly enlarged in plants and called the Large Central Vacuole. Under the microscope

  24. GOLGI BODIES: or “GOLGI APPARATUS ”—Packages, stores & secretes substances made inside the cell Under the microscope

  25. LYSOSOMES: Digests cell wastes and recycles materials, is the “garbage disposal” and is found in animal cells (other special vacuoles do this job in plants and fungi). Clip

  26. What are the two parts plant cells have that animal cells do not have? • Cell Walls • Chloroplasts Clip

  27. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cells: NO NUCLEUS Example: Bacteria Eukaryotic Cells: have a TRUE NUCLEUS Example: all cells in your body

  28. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

  29. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

  30. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Information taken from ppt on http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

  31. What is the difference between a single cell and cells working together? Single Cells do everything by themselves; Cells in tissues and organs divide up the work!

  32. In many-celled organisms, cells work together to accomplish their work: TISSUES: Cells look ALIKE, perform the same function. Examples: MUSCLE TISSUE, NERVE TISSUE

  33. ORGANS: A structure made up of different kinds of TISSUES that all work together to perform the same JOB. Examples: HEART, BRAIN, LUNGS

  34. Examples: HEART The heart contains muscle tissue that contracts to pump blood, fibrous tissue that makes up the heart valves, nervous tissue and special cells that maintain the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. Photo taken from : http://www.ynhh.org/heart-and-vascular-center/heart_works.aspx

  35. SIZES AND SHAPES OF CELLS Cells have different sizes and shapes, based on their JOB Some can be very SMALL and some can be very oddly shaped…

  36. ROBERT HOOKE

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